The relation between biomarkers of benzene exposure and effect on biochemistry of gasoline station attendants, Rayong province
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
This study aimed to examine the relation between biomarkers of benzene exposure and the effect on blood biochemistry of gasoline station attendants. The sample size of the study subjects calculated from Daniel’s formula, was 64 participants. A cluster sampling technique was employed to recruit the study subjects. The validity approved interview-questionnaire was used for data collection, and trans, trans-muconic acid (t,t-MA) in urine, complete blood counts and liver and kidneys functions were examined. The data were analyzed by descriptive statistics including percentage, mean, standard deviation, percentile, median, quartile range, minimum and maximum values, while the inferential statistics used were Wilcoxon Signed Ranks test, Mann-Whitney test and Pearson’s correlation.
The results found that gas station attendants were mostly male (53.1%), with an average age of 29.3±10.3 years old. The average body mass index (BMI) was 24.5±5.5 kg/m2. They worked for 9.1±1.6 hours per day, with a rest break of 19.2±12.0 minutes. They normally filled 139.7±78.0 vehicles per shift. The average concentration of pre-shift t,t-MA in urine was 33.1±2.3 mg/g Cr, and 77.6±2.0 mg/g Cr post-shift with statistical significance. The average blood chemistry parameters was at the normal level, including WBC, RBC, Hb, Hct and Plt at 7.8±2.1×103/µL, 4.8±0.6×106/µL, 13.6±1.9 mg/dl, 38.7±4.9 % and 304.7±104.2 ×103/µL, respectively. Liver function values including AST and ALT were 19.8±11.2 and 24.3±9.8 mg/dl, respectively, while kidneys function values in terms of BUN and Cr were at 11.0±2.6 and 0.7±0.1 mg/dl, respectively. There was a significant relation between t,t-MA and WBC, RBC, Hb, Hct and Cr (p<0.05). In conclusion, t,t-MA can be used as a biomarker for low level benzene exposures. Blood chemistry and kidneys function are related to benzene exposure and can be used as health screening parameters for benzene exposure.
Article Details
Journal of Safety and Health is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0) licence, unless otherwise stated.
References
กฎกระทรวง. (2543). ฉบับที่ 7 ออกตามความในพระราชบัญญัติคุ้มครองแรงงาน พ.ศ. 2541. ลงวันที่ 27 มกราคม 2543.
ฉัตรสุดา พิมพาแสง, และสุนิสา ชายเกลี้ยง. (2014). การรับสัมผัสสารเบนซีนในพนักงานสถานีบริการน้ำมันเชื้อเพลิง: กรณีศึกษาเทศบาลนครขอนแก่น เมืองขอนแก่น. วารสารวิจัย มข, 19(2), 354-361.
ฌาน ปัทมะ พลยง, อนามัย เทศกะทึก, และนันทพร ภัทรพุทธ. (2558). เปรียบเทียบการรับสัมผัสสารเบนซีนและผลกระทบต่อสุขภาพในผู้ประกอบอาชีพริมถนนเขตพื้นที่มาบตาพุด จังหวัดระยอง. วารสารความปลอดภัยและสุขภาพ, 8(28), 7-20.
Abdel-Maksoud, H.A., Elharrif, M.G., Mahfouz, M.K., Omnia, M.A., Abdullah, M.H. & Eltabey, M.E. (2019). Biochemical study on occupational inhalation of benzne vapoure in petrol staton. Reapiratory Medicine Case Reports, 27, 1-4.
Abou-Elwafa, H.S., Albadry, A.A., El-Gilany, A.H. & Bazeed, F.B. (2015). Some biochemical and hematological parameters among petrol satation attendants: A comparative study. BioMed Research International. Available from: from http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015 /418 724.
Abubakar, M.B., Abdullah, W.Z., Sulaiman, S.A., Uboh, F.E. & Ang, B.S. (2013). Effect of honey supplementation on toxicity of gasoline vapor exposure in rats. International Journal of Applied Research in Natural Products, 6(4),16-22.
Agency for Toxic Substances & Disease Registry (ATSDR). (2014). Benzne. [Internet]. [cited 2018 Oct 5]. Available from: https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/substances/ toxsubstance.asp? toxid=14
Al-Jadaan, S.A.N. & Alkinany, A.S.J. (2017). Impact of benzene exposure on lung function of fuel stations workers in Basra city, Southren of Iraq. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science and Health Care, 7(2), 31-36.
Alyami, A.R. (2017). Occupational exposure assessment to gasoline vapours under various conditions at public gasoline station. Athens Journal of Sciences, 4(4), 323-342.
American conference of governmental industrial hygienists (ACGIH). (2019). TLV and BEIs. USA.
Awodele, O., Sulayman, A.A. & Akintonwe, A. (2014). Evaluation of hematological hepatic and renal function of petroleum tanker drivers in Lagos, Nigeria. Afr Health Sci, 14, 178-184.
Carrieri, M., Tranfo, G., Pigini, D., Pac,i E., Salamon, F., Scapellato, M., Fracasso, M.E., Manno, M. & Bartolucci, G.B. (2010). Correlation between environmental and biological monitoring of exposure to benzene in petrochemical industry operators. Toxicology Letters, 192, 17-21.
Chailieng, S., Pimpasaeng, C. & Thapphasaraphong, S. (2015). Benzene exposure at gasoline stations: Health risk assessment. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment, 21, 2213-2222.
Chailieng, S., Suggaravesiri, P., Kaminski, N. & Autrup, H. (2016). Factors affecting urinary tt-muconic acid detection among benzene exposed workers at gasoline stations. International Journal of Environment Research and Public Health, Available from: doi:10.3390/ijerph 16214209.
Daniel, W.W. (1987). Biostatistics: A foundation for analysis in the health science. 4th ed. Singgapore: John Wiley and Sons. USA.
Ekpenyong, C.E. & Asuquo, AE. (2017). Recent advances in occupational and environmental health hazards of workers exposed to gasoline compounds. IJOMEH, 30, 1-26.
El-Mahdy, N.M., Radwan, N.M., Kharoub, H.S. & El-Halawany, F. (2015). Chromosomal abnormalities among petrol station workers occupationally exposed to benzene. British Journal of Applied Science & Technology, 7(5), 501-13.
Eze, A.N., Eluke, B.C., Eluke, C.C., Ezigbo, E. & Uzoma, I. (2018). The effect of chronic occupational exposure to petroleum products on hematological and biochemical parameters of petrol attendants. JAMMR, 28(6),1-8.
Hopf, N.B., Kirkeleit, J., Bratveit, M., Succop, P., Talaska, G. & Moen, BE. (2012). Evaluation of exposure biomarkers in offshore workers exposure to low benzene and toluene concentrations. Int Arch Occup Environ Health, 85, 261-271.
International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). (2020). Benzene volume 120 : IARC monograhs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans. USA.
Jalai, A., Ramezani, Z. & Ebrahim, K. (2017). Urinary trans, trans-muconic acid is not a reliable biomarker for low-level environmental and occupational benzene exposures. Safety and Health at Work, 8, 220-225.
Koh, D.H., Jeon, H.K. & Ryu, H.W. (2015). The relationship between low-level benzene exposure and blood cell counts in Korean workers. Occupational & Environment Medicine, 72(6), 421-427.
Liang, B., Zhong, Y., Chen, K., Zeng, L., Li, G. & Zheng, J. (2018). Serum plasminogen as a potential biomarker for the effects of low-dose benzene exposure. Toxicology, 410, 59-64.
Lubbad, A.M.H., Al-Hindi, A.I., Hamad, A.R.I. & Yassin, M.M. (2010). Exposure of gasoline station workers to leaded gasoline in the Gaza Strip: a wareness and self reported symptoms. Annals of Alquds Medicine, 6, 1-10.
Moro, A.M., Brucker, N., Charao, M.F., Sauer, E., Freitas, F. & Durgante, J. (2015). Early hematological and immunological alterations in gasoline station attendants exposed to benzene. Environmental Research, 137, 349-356.
Negheb, M., Hosseinzadeh, K. & Hassanzadeh, J. (2015). Early liver and kidney dysfunction associated with occupational exposure to sub-threshold limit value levels of benzene, toluene, and xylenes in unleaded petrol. Safety and Health at Work, 6(4), 312-316.
Okonkwo, C.O.J., Ehileboh, A.D., Nwobodo, E. & Dike, C.C. (2016). The effects of acute gasoline vapour inhalation on some haematological indices of albino wistar rats. Journal of Acute Disease, 5, 123-125.
Olson, K.R., Anderson, I.B., Benowitz, N.L., Blanc, P.D., Clark, R.F. & Kearney, T.E. (2004). Poisoning & drug overdose. The California Poison Control System. 5th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, USA.
Perez-Herrera, N., Leon-Martinez L.D., Ramirez, R.F., Barbier, O., Ortega-Romero, M. & May-Euan, F. (2019). Evaluation of benzene exposure and early biomarkers of kidney damage in children exposed to solvents due to precarious work in Ticul, Yucatan, Mexico. Annals of Global Health, 85,1-8.
Qu, Q., Melikian, A.A., Li, G., Shore, R., Chen, L.& Cohen, B. (2000). Validation of biomarkers in humans exposed to benzene: Urine metabolites. Am J Ind Med, 37, 522-531.
Ravnskov, U. (2000). Hydrocarbon exposure may cause glomerulonephritis and worsen renal failure: Evidence based on Hill’s criteria of causality. QJM, 93, 551-556.
Rasoul, G.M.A., Salem, E.A., Allam, H.K., Shehata, Y.A., Abu-Salem, M.E. & Zagloul, A.F.E. (2017). Neurobehavioral and hematological health disoders among fuel supply station workers. Menoufia Med J, 30,1103-1119.
Romero-Trigueros, C., Minarrp, M.D., Duoeron, E.G. & Ferradas, E.G. (2017). Influence of sample temperature and environmental humidity on measurements of benzene in ambient air by transportable GC-PID. Atmos Meas Tech, 10, 4013-4022.
Stenehjem, J.S., Kjaerheim, K., Bratveit, M., Samuelsenm, S.O., Barone-Adesi, F., Rothman, N. & Lan, Q. (2015). Benzene exposure and risk of lyphohaematopoietic cancers in 25000 offshore oil industry workers. British Journal of Cancer, 112, 1603-1612.
Tunsaringkarn, T., Soogarun, S. & Palasuwan, A. (2013). Occupational exposure to benzene and changes in hematological parameters and urinary trans, trans-muconic acid. Int J Occup Environ Med, 4, 45-49.
Tunsaringkarn, T., Siriwong, W., Rungsiyothin, A. & Nopparatbundit, S. (2012). Occupational exposure of gasoline station workers to BTEX compounds in Bangkok, Thailand. Int J Occup Environ Med, 3, 117-125.
Tiu, D.N. & Dubey, P. (2017). Study of WBC count and its association with blood pressure in petrol pump filling workers of Barabanki city, Uttarpradesh. Journal of Advanced Medical and Dental Sciences Research, 5, 87-90.
Zhang, Z., Li, P., Lin, D., Wang, D. & Zhang, Y. (2018). Proteome analysis of the potential serum biomarkers for chronic benzene poisoning. Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology, 60, 157-164.
