Influenza and Currently Licensed Anti-Influenza Drugs
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
Influenza viruses are an important cause of acute respiratory tract infections commonly found in populations of all age with regular pandemic in every year, leading to many global outbreaks in the past. It causes heavy burden in morbidities and deaths. Influenza outbreak occurs because the virus has continuously changed its genetic characteristics. Problem of resistance to anti-influenza drugs occurs quickly, in particular, that of M2 protein inhibiting anti-viral drugs such as amantadine and rimantadine which a very high rate of resistance is found. Researchers around the world therefore focus on the development of anti-influenza drugs. Main drug currently used is neuraminidase inhibitors causing the virus not being able to leave the host cell and spread. Currently available anti-influenza drugs in this group are zanamivir (relenza®), oseltamivir (tamiflu®), peramivir (rapivab®) and laninamivir (inavir®). Currently, laninamivir is licensed for distribution in Japan. However, the use of neuraminidase inhibiting anti-influenza drugs is still drug of first choice, leading to a higher utilization rate and an increasing risk of drug resistance in the future. There are also new drug groups interfering life cycle of influenza virus by inhibiting viral polymerase, leading to the termination of viral proliferation, such as baloxavir, marboxil (xofluza®) and favipiravir (avigan®). Favipiravir is currently licensed for distribution for treating influenza in Japan only. Development of new anti-influenza drugs is crucial in the treatment of the disease in order to reduce the losses caused by influenza outbreak in the future.
Article Details
ผลการวิจัยและความคิดเห็นที่ปรากฏในบทความถือเป็นความคิดเห็นและอยู่ในความรับผิดชอบของผู้นิพนธ์ มิใช่ความเห็นหรือความรับผิดชอบของกองบรรณาธิการ หรือคณะเภสัชศาสตร์ มหาวิทยาลัยสงขลานครินทร์ ทั้งนี้ไม่รวมความผิดพลาดอันเกิดจากการพิมพ์ บทความที่ได้รับการเผยแพร่โดยวารสารเภสัชกรรมไทยถือเป็นสิทธิ์ของวารสารฯ
References
Paules C, Subbarao K. Influenza. Lancet. 2017; 390: 697-708.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Clinical signs and symptoms of influenza [online]. 2019 [cited Jan 3, 2020]. Available from: www.cdc.gov/flu/professionals/acip/clinical.htm.
Saunders-Hastings PR, Krewski D. Reviewing the history of pandemic influenza: understanding patterns of emergence and transmission. Pathogens. 2016; 5: 66.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. History of 1918 flu pandemic [online]. 2018 [cited Jan 5, 2020]. Available from: www.cdc.gov/flu/pandemic-resources/1918-commemoration/1918-pandemic-history.htm.
Department of Disease Control. Influenza surveil lance reports [online]. 2020 [cited May 22, 2020]. Available from: ddc.moph.go.th/uploads/files/1094 720200108023307.pdf.
Department of Disease Control. Influenza [online]. 2019 [cited Jun 19, 2020]. Available from: ddc.mop h.go.th/disease_detail.php?d=13.
Poudel S, Shehadeh F, Zacharioudakis IM, Tansarli GS, Zervou FN, Kalligeros M, et al. The effect of influenza vaccination on mortality and risk of hospitalization in patients with heart failure: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2019; 6: ofz159.
Thompson MG, Kwong JC, Regan AK, Katz MA, Drews SJ, Azziz-Baumgartner E, et al. Influenza vaccine effectiveness in preventing influenza-asso ciated hospitalizations during pregnancy: a multi-country retrospective test negative design study, 2010-2016. Clin Infect Dis. 2019; 68: 1444-53.
Flannery B, Reynolds SB, Blanton L, Santibanez TA, O'Halloran A, Lu PJ, et al. Influenza vaccine effectiveness against pediatric deaths: 2010-2014. Pediatrics. 2017; 139: e20164244.
Bechini A, Ninci A, Del Riccio M, Biondi I, Bianchi J, Bonanni P, et al. Impact of influenza vaccination on all-cause mortality and hospitalization for pneumonia in adults and the elderly with diabetes: a meta-analysis of observational studies. Vaccines (Basel). 2020; 8: 263.
Stevaert A, Naesens L. The influenza virus poly merase complex: an update on Its structure, functions, and significance for antiviral drug design . Med Res Rev. 2016; 36: 1127-73.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Types of influenza viruses [online]. 2017 [cited Oct 17, 2019]. Available from: www.cdc.gov/flu/about/vi ruses/types.htm.
Das K, Aramini JM, Ma LC, Krug RM, Arnold E. Structures of influenza A proteins and insights into antiviral drug targets. Nat Struct Mol Biol. 2010; 17: 530-8.
Francis ME, King ML, Kelvin AA. Back to the future for influenza preimmunity-looking back at influenza virus history to infer the outcome of future infec- tions. Viruses. 2019; 11: 122.
Kim H, Webster RG, Webby RJ. Influenza virus: dealing with a drifting and shifting pathogen. Viral Immunol. 2018; 31: 174-83.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. How the flu virus can change: drift and shift [online]. 2019 [cited May 2, 2020]. Available from: www.cdc .gov/flu/about/viruses/change.htm.
Dou D, Revol R, Ostbye H, Wang H, Daniels R. Influenza A virus cell entry, replication, virion assembly and movement. Front Immunol. 2018; 9: 1581.
Edinger TO, Pohl MO, Stertz S. Entry of influenza A virus: host factors and antiviral targets. J Gen Virol. 2014; 95: 263-77.
Liu Q, Zhou YH, Yang ZQ. The cytokine storm of severe influenza and development of immunomo dulatory therapy. Cell Mol Immunol 2016; 13: 3-10
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. How flu spreads [online]. 2019 [cited Jun 26, 2020]. Available from: www.cdc.gov/flu/about/disease/sp read.htm.
Nguyen HH. Influenza [online]. 2020 [cited Jun 26, 2020]. Available from: emedicine.medscape.com/ article/219557-overview.
World Health Organization. Influenza (seasonal) [online]. 2018 [cited May 22, 2020]. Available from: www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/in fluenza-(seasonal).
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Flu symptoms & complications [online]. 2019 [cited may 22, 2020]. Available from: www.cdc.gov/flu/ symptoms/symptoms.htm.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Influenza antiviral medications: summary for clini cians [online]. 2018 [cited Oct 19, 2019]. Available from: www.cdc.gov/flu/professionals/antivirals/sum mary-clinicians.htm.
Medscape. Oseltamivir (Rx) [online]. 2019 [cited Dec 10, 2019]. Available from: reference.med scape.com/drug/tamiflu-oseltamivir-342618#0.
Medscape. Zanamivir (Rx) [online]. 2019 [cited Dec 10, 2019]. Available from: reference.medscape. com/drug/relenza-zanamivir-342636.
Medscape. Peramivir (Rx) [online]. 2019 [cited Dec 10, 2019]. Available from: reference.medscape. com/drug/rapivab-peramivir-999307.
Pielak RM, Chou JJ. Influenza M2 proton channels. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2011; 1808: 522-9.
Wang J, Qiu JX, Soto C, DeGrado WF. Structural and dynamic mechanisms for the function and inhibition of the M2 proton channel from influenza A virus. Curr Opin Struct Biol. 2011; 21: 68-80.
Amarelle L, Lecuona E, Sznajder JI. Anti-Influenza treatment: drugs currently used and under development. Archivos de Bronconeumología 2017; 53: 19-26.
Ma C, Zhang J, Wang J. Pharmacological characte- rization of the spectrum of antiviral activity and genetic barrier to drug resistance of M2-S31N channel blockers. Mol Pharmacol. 2016; 90: 188-98.
Uptodate. Rimantadine: drug information [online]. 2020 [cited Jun 21, 2020]. Available from: www.uptodate.com/contents/rimantadine-drug-info rmation?search=rimantadine&source=panel_searc h_result&selectedTitle=1~16&usage_type=panel&kp_tab=drug_general&display_rank=1
Medscape. Rimantadine (Rx) [online]. 2020 [cited Jun 21, 2020]. Available from: reference.medscap e.com/drug/flumadine-rimantadine-342626#0.
Medscape. Amantadine (Rx) [online]. 2020 [cited Jun 21, 2020]. Available from: reference.medscap e.com/drug/osmolex-er-gocovri-amantadine-3426 04.
Uptodate. Amantadine: drug information [online]. 2020 [cited Jun 21, 2020]. Available from: www.up todate.com/contents/amantadine-drug-information ?search=amantadine&source=panel_search_resultselectedTitle=1~68&usage_type=panel&kp_tab=drug_general&display_rank=1
Laborda P, Wang SY, Voglmeir J. Influenza neura minidase inhibitors: synthetic approaches, deriva tives and biological activity. Molecules. 2016; 21: 1513.
McKimm-Breschkin JL. Influenza neuraminidase inhibitors: antiviral action and mechanisms of resistance. Influenza Other Respir Viruses. 2013; 7 Suppl 1: 25-36.
Nguyen-Van-Tam JS, Venkatesan S, Muthuri SG, Myles PR. Neuraminidase inhibitors: who, when, where?. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2015; 21: 222-5.
Shetty AK, Peek LA. Peramivir for the treatment of influenza. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther. 2012; 10: 123-43.
Ikematsu H, Kawai N. Laninamivir octanoate: a new long-acting neuraminidase inhibitor for the treatment of influenza. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther. 2011; 9: 851-7.
Noshi T, Kitano M, Taniguchi K, Yamamoto A, Omoto S, Baba K, et al. In vitro characterization of baloxavir acid, a first-in-class cap-dependent endonuclease inhibitor of the influenza virus polymerase PA subunit. Antiviral Res. 2018; 160: 109-17.
Mifsud EJ, Hayden FG, Hurt AC. Antivirals targe ting the polymerase complex of influenza viruses. Antiviral Res. 2019; 169: 104545.
Medscape. baloxavir marboxil (Rx) [online]. 2019 [cited Dec 10, 2019]. Available from: reference .medscape.com/drug/xofluza-baloxavir-marboxil-1000275#0.
Fujifilm Toyama Chemical Co. L. AVIGAN Tablets 200 mg Chuo-ku: FUJIFILM Toyama Chemical Co; [online]. 2019 [cited Jun 28, 2020]. Available from: www.sukl.cz/file/92989_1_1/download/.
Omoto S, Speranzini V, Hashimoto T, Noshi T, Yamaguchi H, Kawai M, et al. Characterization of influenza virus variants induced by treatment with the endonuclease inhibitor baloxavir marboxil. Sci Rep. 2018; 8: 9633.
O'Hanlon R, Shaw ML. Baloxavir marboxil: the new influenza drug on the market. Curr Opin Virol. 2019; 35: 14-8.
Hayden FG, Sugaya N, Hirotsu N, Lee N, de Jong MD, Hurt AC, et al. Baloxavir marboxil for uncom-plicated influenza in adults and adolescents. N Engl J Med. 2018; 379: 913-23.
Naesens L, Guddat LW, Keough DT, van Kuilen burg AB, Meijer J, Vande Voorde J, et al. Role of human hypoxanthine guanine phosphoribosyl tran sferase in activation of the antiviral agent T-705 (favipiravir). Mol Pharmacol. 2013; 84: 615-29.
Furuta Y, Gowen BB, Takahashi K, Shiraki K, Smee DF, Barnard DL. Favipiravir (T-705), a novel viral RNA polymerase inhibitor. Antiviral Res. 2013 ; 100: 446-54.
Principi N, Camilloni B, Alunno A, Polinori I, Argen tiero A, Esposito S. Drugs for influenza treatment: is there significant news? Front Med (Lausanne). 2019; 6: 109.
Furuta Y, Komeno T, Nakamura T. Favipiravir (T-705), a broad spectrum inhibitor of viral RNA polymerase. Proc Jpn Acad Ser B Phys Biol Sci. 2017; 93: 449-63.
Shiraki K, Daikoku T. Favipiravir, an anti-influenza drug against life-threatening RNA virus infections. Pharmacol Ther. 2020; 209: 107512.
