การทบทวนแนวทางการแยกโรคคอหอยอักเสบและต่อมทอนซิลอักเสบเฉียบพลันในปัจจุบัน
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มิ.ย. 15, 2019
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คอหอยอักเสบเฉียบพลัน ต่อมทอนซิลอักเสบเฉียบพลัน การแยกโรค
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บทคัดย่อ
โรคคอหอยอักเสบและต่อมทอนซิลอักเสบเฉียบพลันเป็นโรคที่พบได้บ่อยในชุมชน บริบทของร้านยาในประเทศไทยพบว่ามีปัญหาการใช้ยาปฏิชีวนะสำหรับการรักษาโรคนี้อย่างไม่เหมาะสม เนื่องจากไม่มีการตรวจยืนยันการวินิจฉัยโรคทั้งการใช้เครื่องมือตรวจในร้านยา และการส่งตรวจทางห้องปฏิบัติการก่อนจ่ายยาปฏิชีวนะ นอกจากนี้เครื่องมือทำนายโอกาสเสี่ยงต่อการติดเชื้อแบคทีเรียที่พบในปัจจุบันและมีการใช้ในร้านยา ก็ได้มาจากการศึกษาในต่างประเทศทั้งหมด จากการทบทวนวรรณกรรมพบว่า การใช้เครื่องมือดังกล่าวอย่างตรงไปตรงมาในร้านยายังมีข้อจำกัดอยู่ค่อนข้างมาก แต่อย่างไรก็ตามพบ 3 ประเด็นสำคัญ ซึ่งสามารถนำไปปรับใช้ได้ในทางปฏิบัติ ได้แก่ 1) การประเมินลักษณะของอาการเจ็บคอให้จำเพาะมากขึ้น 2) การตรวจลำคอด้วยวิธีอ้าปากกว้างโดยเลียนแบบท่าทางการหาว และ 3) การประยุกต์ใช้เครื่องมือประเมินที่มีอย่างเหมาะสม
Article Details
บท
บทความวิจัย
ผลการวิจัยและความคิดเห็นที่ปรากฏในบทความถือเป็นความคิดเห็นและอยู่ในความรับผิดชอบของผู้นิพนธ์ มิใช่ความเห็นหรือความรับผิดชอบของกองบรรณาธิการ หรือคณะเภสัชศาสตร์ มหาวิทยาลัยสงขลานครินทร์ ทั้งนี้ไม่รวมความผิดพลาดอันเกิดจากการพิมพ์ บทความที่ได้รับการเผยแพร่โดยวารสารเภสัชกรรมไทยถือเป็นสิทธิ์ของวารสารฯ
References
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13. Chan JYC, Yau F, Cheng F, Chan D, Chan B, Kwan M. Practice recommendation for the management of acute pharyngitis. HK J Paediatrics 2015;20:156-62.
14. Windfuhr JP, Toepfner N, Steffen G, Waldfahrer F, Berner R. Clinical practice guideline: tonsillitis I. Diagnostics and nonsurgical management. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2016;273: 973-87.
15. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). Sore throat (acute): Antimicrobial prescribing [online]. 2018 [cited 8 Nov, 2018]. Available from: www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng84.
16. Rules of the Pharmacy Council. Terms and conditions of pharmacy profession [online]. 2018 [cited Nov 7, 2018]. Available from: www.ratchakit cha.soc.go.th/DATA/PDF/2561/E/114/31.PDF.
17. Breese BB. A simple scorecard for the tentative diagnosis of streptococcal pharyngitis. Am J Dis Child 1977;131: 514-7.
18. Centor RM, Witherspoon JM, Dalton HP, Brody CE, Link K. The diagnosis of strep throat in adults in the emergency room. Med Decis Making 1981;1:239-46.
19. The management of acute respiratory infections in children. Practical guidelines for outpatient care. Geneva: World Health Organization; 1995.
20. Mclsaac WJ, White D, Tannenbaum D, Low DE. A clinical score to reduce unnecessary antibiotic use in patients with sore throat. Can Med Assoc J 1998; 158: 75-83.
21. Wald ER, Green MD, Schwartz B, Barbadora K. A streptococcal score card revisited. Pediatr Emerg Care 1998; 14: 109-11.
22. Attia MW, Zaoutis T, Klein JD, Meier FA. Perfor- mance of a predictive model for Streptococcal pharyngitis in children. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2001; 155: 687-91.
23. Steinhoff MC, Walker CF, Rimoin AW, Hamza HS. A clinical decision rule for management of streptococcal pharyngitis in low-resource settings. Acta Pediatrica 2005; 94: 1038-42.
24. Smeesters PR, Campos D, Melderen LV, Aguiar E, Vanderpas J, Vergison A. Pharyngitis in low-resources settings: a pragmatic clinical approach to reduce unnecessary antibiotic use. Pediatrics 2006; 118:e1607-11.
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26. Suzumoto M, Hotomi M, Billal DS, Fujihara K, Harabuchi Y, Yamanaka N. A scoring system for management of acute pharyngo-tonsillitis in adults. Auris Nasus Larynx 2009;36:314-20.
27. Joachim L, Campos D, Smeesters J, Smeesters PR. Pragmatic scoring system for pharyngitis in low-resource settings. Pediatrics 2010;126:e608-14.
28. Mistika S, Gokahmetoglub S, Balcic E, Onukd FA. Sore throat in primary care project: a clinical score to diagnose viral sore throat. Fam Pract 2015; 32: 263-8.
29. Engel ME, Cohen K, Gounden R, Kengne AP, Barth DD, Whitelaw AC, et al. The Cape Town clinical decision rule for streptococcal pharyngitis in children. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2017;36:250-255.
30. Thompson M, Vodicka TA, Blair PS, Buckley DI, Heneghan C, Hay AD. TARGET Programme team. duration of symptoms of respiratory tract infections in children: systematic review. BMJ 2013;347:f7027.
31. Renner B, Mueller CA, Shephard A. Environmental and non-infectious factors in the aetiology of pharyngitis (sore throat). Inflamm. Res 2012; 61: 1041-52.
32. Rueangram S. Assessments of head eyes ears nose throat. Phitsanulok: Faculty of Nursing, Naresuan University; 2009.
33. Poowaruttanawiwit P, Krajangopat P. Oral opening methods for oral and throat examination for differential diagnosis of acute pharyngitis and tonsillitis from viral or bacterial infection in community pharmacy setting. Thai J Pharm Pract 2018; 1: 41-9.
34. Fischer Walker CL, Rimoin AW, Hamza HS, Steinhoff MC. Comparison of clinical prediction rules for management of pharyngitis in settings with limited resources. J Pediatr 2006;149:64-71.
35. McGinn TG, McCullagh L, Kannry J, Knaus M, Sofianou A, Wisnivesky JP, et al. Efficacy of an evidence-based clinical decision support in primary care practices: A randomized clinical trial. JAMA Intern Med 2013; 173: 1584-91.
36. Thillaivanam S, Amin AM, Gopalakrishnan S, Ibrahim B. The effectiveness of the McIsaac clinical decision rule in the management of sore throat: An evaluation from a pediatrics ward. Pediatr Res 2016; 80:516-520.
37. Tongrod W, Bunditanukul K, Yotsombut K, Sermsin siri V, Subthawee N, Kaeochinda S, et al. Comparison of antibiotic-dispensing vs. non-antibiotic-dispensing practices by community pharmacies on patients’ health outcome and satisfaction. J Health Syst Res 2013;7:261-7.
38. Nanthajirapong N, Tongrod W, Prawatyotin S. Development of HCU sore throat application on iOS. APHEIT J (Sci&Tech) 2017; 6: 36-44.
2. Shulman ST, Bisno AL, Clegg HW, Gerber MA, Kaplan EL, Lee G, et al. Clinical practice guideline for the diagnosis and management of group A streptococcal pharyngitis: 2012 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis 2012;55:1279-82.
3. Worrall GJ. Acute sore throat. Can Fam Physician 2007;53:1961-2.
4. Complications of streptococcal tonsillopharyngitis [online]. 2018 [cited Nov 8, 2018]. Available from: www.uptodate.com/contents/complications-of-strep tococcal-tonsillopharyngitis.
5. Shaikh N, Leonard E, Martin JM. Prevalence of streptococcal pharyngitis and streptococcal carriage in children: a meta-analysis. Pediatrics 2010; 126: e 557-64.
6. Marx J. Rosen’s emergency medicine: concepts and clinical practice. 7th ed. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Mosby/Elsevier; 2010.
7. Olsen RJ, Shelburne SA, Musser JM. Molecular mechanisms underlying group A streptococcal patho genesis. Cell Microbiol 2009;11:1-12.
8. Tsatsaronis JA, Walker MJ, Sanderson-Smith ML. Host responses to group a streptococcus: cell death and inflammation. PLoS Pathog 2014;10:e1004266.
9. Clinical decision rules and strategies for the diagnosis of group A streptococcal infection: A review of clinical utility and guidelines [online]. 2018 [cited Nov 8, 2018]. Available from: www.cadth.ca/ clinical-decision-rules-and-strategies-diagnosis-grou p -streptococcal-infection-review-clinical.
10. Deepthi M, Narsimloo K. Role of usage of antibiotics in pharyngitis: a prospective study. Int J Otorhinol aryngol Head Neck Surg 2017;3:303-7.
11. Yuniar CT, Anggadiredja K, Islamiyah AN. Evalua- tion of rational drug use for acute pharyngitis associated with the incidence and prevalence of the disease at two community health centers in Indonesia. Sci. Pharm 2017;85: 22.
12. Murphy TP, Harrison RV, Hammoud AJ, Yen G. Pharyngitis [online]. 2013 [cited Dec 5, 2018]. Available from: www.med.umich.edu/1info/FHP/prac tice guides/pharyngitis/pharyn.pdf.
13. Chan JYC, Yau F, Cheng F, Chan D, Chan B, Kwan M. Practice recommendation for the management of acute pharyngitis. HK J Paediatrics 2015;20:156-62.
14. Windfuhr JP, Toepfner N, Steffen G, Waldfahrer F, Berner R. Clinical practice guideline: tonsillitis I. Diagnostics and nonsurgical management. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2016;273: 973-87.
15. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). Sore throat (acute): Antimicrobial prescribing [online]. 2018 [cited 8 Nov, 2018]. Available from: www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng84.
16. Rules of the Pharmacy Council. Terms and conditions of pharmacy profession [online]. 2018 [cited Nov 7, 2018]. Available from: www.ratchakit cha.soc.go.th/DATA/PDF/2561/E/114/31.PDF.
17. Breese BB. A simple scorecard for the tentative diagnosis of streptococcal pharyngitis. Am J Dis Child 1977;131: 514-7.
18. Centor RM, Witherspoon JM, Dalton HP, Brody CE, Link K. The diagnosis of strep throat in adults in the emergency room. Med Decis Making 1981;1:239-46.
19. The management of acute respiratory infections in children. Practical guidelines for outpatient care. Geneva: World Health Organization; 1995.
20. Mclsaac WJ, White D, Tannenbaum D, Low DE. A clinical score to reduce unnecessary antibiotic use in patients with sore throat. Can Med Assoc J 1998; 158: 75-83.
21. Wald ER, Green MD, Schwartz B, Barbadora K. A streptococcal score card revisited. Pediatr Emerg Care 1998; 14: 109-11.
22. Attia MW, Zaoutis T, Klein JD, Meier FA. Perfor- mance of a predictive model for Streptococcal pharyngitis in children. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2001; 155: 687-91.
23. Steinhoff MC, Walker CF, Rimoin AW, Hamza HS. A clinical decision rule for management of streptococcal pharyngitis in low-resource settings. Acta Pediatrica 2005; 94: 1038-42.
24. Smeesters PR, Campos D, Melderen LV, Aguiar E, Vanderpas J, Vergison A. Pharyngitis in low-resources settings: a pragmatic clinical approach to reduce unnecessary antibiotic use. Pediatrics 2006; 118:e1607-11.
25. Committee for Developing Guidelines and Handbook for RDU Pharmacy. Antibiotics smart use comple- mentary guidance for community pharmacist [on line]. 2007 [cited 5 Nov, 2018]. Available from: www. pharmacy.psu.ac.th/images/rdu-eagle2018.pdf.
26. Suzumoto M, Hotomi M, Billal DS, Fujihara K, Harabuchi Y, Yamanaka N. A scoring system for management of acute pharyngo-tonsillitis in adults. Auris Nasus Larynx 2009;36:314-20.
27. Joachim L, Campos D, Smeesters J, Smeesters PR. Pragmatic scoring system for pharyngitis in low-resource settings. Pediatrics 2010;126:e608-14.
28. Mistika S, Gokahmetoglub S, Balcic E, Onukd FA. Sore throat in primary care project: a clinical score to diagnose viral sore throat. Fam Pract 2015; 32: 263-8.
29. Engel ME, Cohen K, Gounden R, Kengne AP, Barth DD, Whitelaw AC, et al. The Cape Town clinical decision rule for streptococcal pharyngitis in children. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2017;36:250-255.
30. Thompson M, Vodicka TA, Blair PS, Buckley DI, Heneghan C, Hay AD. TARGET Programme team. duration of symptoms of respiratory tract infections in children: systematic review. BMJ 2013;347:f7027.
31. Renner B, Mueller CA, Shephard A. Environmental and non-infectious factors in the aetiology of pharyngitis (sore throat). Inflamm. Res 2012; 61: 1041-52.
32. Rueangram S. Assessments of head eyes ears nose throat. Phitsanulok: Faculty of Nursing, Naresuan University; 2009.
33. Poowaruttanawiwit P, Krajangopat P. Oral opening methods for oral and throat examination for differential diagnosis of acute pharyngitis and tonsillitis from viral or bacterial infection in community pharmacy setting. Thai J Pharm Pract 2018; 1: 41-9.
34. Fischer Walker CL, Rimoin AW, Hamza HS, Steinhoff MC. Comparison of clinical prediction rules for management of pharyngitis in settings with limited resources. J Pediatr 2006;149:64-71.
35. McGinn TG, McCullagh L, Kannry J, Knaus M, Sofianou A, Wisnivesky JP, et al. Efficacy of an evidence-based clinical decision support in primary care practices: A randomized clinical trial. JAMA Intern Med 2013; 173: 1584-91.
36. Thillaivanam S, Amin AM, Gopalakrishnan S, Ibrahim B. The effectiveness of the McIsaac clinical decision rule in the management of sore throat: An evaluation from a pediatrics ward. Pediatr Res 2016; 80:516-520.
37. Tongrod W, Bunditanukul K, Yotsombut K, Sermsin siri V, Subthawee N, Kaeochinda S, et al. Comparison of antibiotic-dispensing vs. non-antibiotic-dispensing practices by community pharmacies on patients’ health outcome and satisfaction. J Health Syst Res 2013;7:261-7.
38. Nanthajirapong N, Tongrod W, Prawatyotin S. Development of HCU sore throat application on iOS. APHEIT J (Sci&Tech) 2017; 6: 36-44.