Prevention and Treatment Strategies against SARS-CoV-2
Prevention and Treatment Strategies against SARS-CoV-2
Keywords:
SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19, pneumonia, vaccine, prevention and treatmentAbstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) virus can cause pneumonia. The outbreak has begun in Wuhan, Hubei Province, China at the end of December 2019, and remains the pandemic to date. This is a new species that has never been previously reported in humans. Currently, an effective preventive measure against SARS-CoV-2 virus infection is to maintain individual distance and wear a surgical mask to reduce the spread of virus particles. Scientists have studied the prevention and treatment of disease by vaccines and drugs, respectively. This paper presents the biology of the SARSCoV-2 virus, its prevention methods and current therapeutic approaches. These includes description and discussion on morphological characteristics, pathogenesis, diagnostic tests, therapeutic drugs and preventive vaccines. Readers will have more knowledge and understanding of this virus, in order to develop preventive and treatment methods
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2. Department of Disease Control. Manuals on 2019 laboratory diagnosis of SARSCoV-2 [online]. 2019 [cited Oct 12, 2020 ]. Available from: https://ddc.moph.go.th/viralpneumonia/file/guidelines/G37.pdf
3. Kumar S, Nyodu R, Maurya VK, Saxena SK. Morphology, genome organization, replication, and pathogenesis of severe acute respiratory syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Med Virol 2020. doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-4814-7_3
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6. Rahman HS, Aziz MS, Hussein RH, Othman HH, Omer SHS, Khalid ES, et al. The transmission modes and sources of COVID-19: a systematic review. Int J Surg Open 2020;26:125-36.
7. Setti L, Possarini F, Gennaro GD, Barbieri P, Perrone MG, Borelli M, et al. SARSCoV-2 RNA found on particulate matter of Bergamo in northern Italy: first evidence. Environ Res 2020;188:109754. doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.109754
8. Benton DJ, Wrobel AG, Xu P, Roustan C, Martin SR, Rosenthal PB, et al. Receptor binding and priming of the spike protein of SARS-Cov-2 for membrane fusion. Nature 2020. doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2772-0
9. Mahmoud IS, Jarrar YB, Alshaer W, Ismail S. SARS-CoV-2 entry in host cells-multiple targets for treatment and prevention. Biochimie 2020;175:93-8. doi: 10.1016/j.biochi.2020.05.012
10. Sungnak W, Huang N, Becavin C, Berg M, Queen R, Litvinukova M, et al. SARSCoV-2 entry factors are highly expressed in nasal epithelial cells together with innate immune genes. Nat Med 2000;26(5):681-87.
11. Oleg OG. Understanding SARS-CoV-2 endocytosis for COVID-19 drug repurposing. FEBS J 2020. doi: 10.1111/febs.15369
12. Lotfi M, Hamblin MR, Rezaei N. COVID-19: transmission, prevention, and potential therapeutic opportunities. Clin Chim Acta 2020;508:254-66. doi: 10.1016/j,cca.2020.05.044
13. Qixin W, Isaac K, Dongmei L, Joseph HL, Thivanka M, Samantha RM, Irfan R. Ecigarette-induced pulmonary inflammation and dysregulated repair are mediated by nAChRα7 receptor: role of nAChRα7 in SARS-CoV-2 covid -19 ACE2 receptor regulation. Respir Res 2020;21:154. doi: 10.1186/s12931-020-01396-y
14. Liu M, Cheng S-Z, Xu K-W, Yang Y, Zhu Q-T, Zhang H, et al. Use of personal protective equipment against coronavirus disease 2019 by healthcare professionals in Wuhan, China: cross sectional study. BMJ 2020;369:m2195. doi: 10.1136/bmj.m2195
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16. Zhao Q, He Y. Challenges of convalescent plasma therapy on COVID-19. J Clin Virol 2020; 127:104358. doi: 10.1016/j.jcv.2020.104358
17. Ko WC, Rolain J-M, Lee N-Y, Chen P-L, Huang C-T, Lee P-I, et al. Argument in favour of remdesivir for treating SARS-CoV-2 infections. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2020;55(4):105933. doi: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag. 2020.105933
18. Mishra GP, Mulani J. Corticosteroids for COVID-19: the search for an optimum duration of therapy. Lancet Respir Med 2021;9(1):E8. doi: 10.1016/S2213-2600(20)30530-0
19. Zheng M, Gao Y, Wang G, Song G, Liu S, Sun D, et al. Functional exhaustion of antiviral lymphocytes in COVID-19 patients. Cell Mol Immunol 2020;17:533-35.
20. Zhu Z, Lu Z, Xu T, Chen C, Yang G, Zha T, et al. Arbidol monotherapy is superior to lopinavir/ritonavir in treating COVID-19. J Infect 2020;81(1):e21-3.
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24. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Viral vector vaccines [online]. 2021 [cited Apr 30, 2021]. Available from: https://www. cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/vaccines/different-vaccines/viralvector.html
25. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Types of vaccines available [online]. 2021 [cited Apr 30, 2021]. Available from:https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/vaccines/different-vaccines.html
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Published
2021-04-25
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Review Article
