Risk Assessment of Chlorination Disinfection Byproducts in Tap Water after Boiling and in Swimming Pool Water
Keywords:
Trihalomethanes (THMs), Haloacetic Acids (HAAs), Closed Boiler, Open Boiler, Inhalation, Ingestion, Skin ContactAbstract
Introduction This study was aimed at assessing for human health risk from exposure to chlorination disinfection by-products (DPBs) of water from 2 sources, tap water and swimming pool water, by different routes of exposure since there have been reports of health risks. Methods Water samples in Khon Kaen Province from municipal tapwater after boiling in open and closed boilers, and swimming pool water from the middle and the border of the swimming pool, were investigated for THMs (Trihalomethanes) by Purge and Trap, GC-ECD, for HAAs (Haloacetic acids) by LCMSMS. Risk assessments of health effects from different routes of exposure to these DBPs were performed. Results Study proved that the open boiling was the most efficient method in reducing volatile THMs, the closed boiling with pump dispenser the second efficient and the closed boiler without pump dispenser was the least efficient. Repeated boiling increased evaporation of volatile chemicals and water, so involatile chemicals increased their concentrations. THMs in swimming pool water were found higher at the border than the middle of the pool. HAAs were found insignificant amount in tap water and swimming pool water. Lifetime excess cancer rates calculation of non-threshold toxicity from exposure to THMs in municipal tap water from various exposure routes were found too high, 258-378 fold the acceptable risk, most of them from ingestion route. The excess cancer rates from exposure during swimming was 1.24-1.93 fold the acceptable risk, most of them from inhalation route. However, the threshold toxicities of water of these 2 sources were in acceptable range. Conclusion We concluded that to reduce the cancer risk when boiling water, people should open the boiler to let volatile compounds to evaporate to reduce THMs, and should avoid repeated boilings since this will increase concentrations of involatile chemicals. When swim people should avoid to swim at the border of the pool for lesser cancer risk. Our study confirmed that there were unacceptable cancer risks from water resources disinfected by current chlorination disinfection methods in both tap water and swimming pool water.
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