This is an outdated version published on 2020-01-31. Read the most recent version.

Validity and reliability of the Parenting Stress Index of children aged 1 month to 12 years

Authors

  • Soontaree Srikosai, Ph.D. Rajanagarindra Institute of Child Development
  • Patcharee Moanchai, B.N.S. Rajanagarindra Institute of Child Development
  • Chadaporn Kamfou, B.N.S. Rajanagarindra Institute of Child Development
  • Siriwan Taweewattanaprecha, M.Sc., M.Ac. Satir Association for Human Development and Psychotherapy
  • Ratana Saipanish, M.D. Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University

Keywords:

parent, quality, reliability, stress, validity

Abstract

Objective: To examine the psychometric properties of the Parenting Stress Index (PSI)-Thai version.

Methods: The instrument development research design was conducted based on the original scale with 36 items in two phases. Phase 1 encompassed the scale translation and readability testing of each question. Phase 2 included evaluation of the PSI psychometric properties through field-testing with 510 parents of delayed development children and parents of normal children using: 1) items analysis, 2) construct validity through exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis, and 3) Cronbach’s alpha coefficient for reliability. 

Results: Overall, good item discrimination power was shown for all thirty-six items. There were 33 items that had an item-total correlation of at least 0.3 (r≥0.3), and 33 items with results close to the mean of a 5-point scale. Reliability analysis showed a Cronbach’s alpha coefficient of 0.88. Exploratory factor analysis revealed six components with 36 items of the scale: parents tend to be depressed, interaction between parents and children, behaviours of children, emotional expression of children, expectations of parents, and attitude of being a parent. Thirty-six items had factor loadings ranking from 0.40 to 0.75, and displayed a total variance of 49.3%. Confirmatory factor analysis revealed that the model of parental distress (PD), parent-child dysfunctional interaction (P-CDI), and difficult child (DC) were relevant to the empirical data.    

Conclusion: The PSI has high construct validity and high reliability. Therefore, the PSI can be used as a scale of parent’s stress assessment and a measurement tool of intervention outcomes for parental stress management studies.

หมายเหตุ บทความมีการแจ้งแก้ไขเฉพาะส่วนของภาคผนวก เนื่องจากข้อจำกัดด้านลิขสิทธิ์การเผยแพร่แบบประเมินแบบ full scale

Downloads

References

1. Charmandari E, Tsigos C, Chrousos G. Endocrinology of the stress response. Annu Rev Physiol. 2005;67:259–84. doi:10.1146/annurev.physiol.67.040403.120816.

2. Szabo S, Tache Y, Somogyi A. The legacy of Hans Selye and the origins of stress research: a retrospective 75 years after his landmark brief “letter” to the editor of nature. Stress. 2012;15:472-8. doi:10.3109/10253890.2012.710919.

3. Hayes SA, Watson SL. The impact of parenting stress: a meta-analysis of studies comparing the experience of parenting stress in parents of children with and without autism spectrum disorder. J Autism Dev Disord. 2013;43:629-42. doi:10.1007/s10803-012-1604-y.

4. Carpenter BN, Steffen PR. Stress. In: Haas LJ, editor. Handbook of primary care psychology. New York US: Oxford University Press; 2004:p.563-77.

5. กรมสุขภาพจิต. แบบทดสอบด้านสุขภาพจิต [Mental health testing scale] [อินเตอร์เน็ต]. นนทบุรี: กรมสุขภาพจิต; 2561. [สืบค้นเมื่อวันที่ 15 พ.ย. 61]. จาก: https://www.dmh.go.th/test/qtest5/.

6. Noone PA. The Holmes-Rahe Stress Inventory. Occup Med (Lond). 2017;67:581-2. doi:10.1093/occmed/kqx099.

7. Siegrist J, Dittmann KH, Inventory of stressful life-events (ILE). In: Cullen J, Siegrist J, Wegmann HM, editors. Breakdown in human adaptation to ‘stress’. Netherlands: Springer; 1984:p.251-6.

8. Abidin RR. Parenting stress index, fourth edition. Florida: PAR; 2012a. p. 2-3.

9. Hoffman CD, Sweeney DP, Hodge D, Lopez-Wagner MC, Looney L. Parenting stress and closeness: mothers of typically developing children and mothers of children with autism. Focus on Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities. 2009;24:178–87. doi:10.1177/1088357609338715.

10. Lee GK, Lopata C, Volker MA, Thomeer ML, Nida RE, Toomey JA, et al. Health-related quality of life of parents of children with high-functioning autism spectrum disorders. Focus on Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities. 2009;24:227–39. doi:10.1177/1088357609347371.

11. Markham ER. Parenting stress in a clinical sample: assessment and implications [Doctor of Education]. Kentucky USA: University of Louisville; 2000 [cited 2018 Dec 6]. Available from: ProQuest Dissertations and Theses database UMI: 3000484.

12. Rao PA, Beidel DC. The impact of children with high-functioning autism on parental stress, sibling adjustment, and family functioning. Behav Modif. 2009;33:437–51. doi:10.1177/0145445509336427.

13. Richardson LL. The relationship of repetitive behavior and sensory behavior to parenting stress in mothers of boys with autism and mothers of boys with fragile X syndrome [Doctor of Philosophy]. Columbia USA: University of South Carlina; 2010 [cited 2018 Dec 6]. Available from: ProQuest Dissertations and Theses database UMI: 3402825.

14. Ferrin M, Moreno-Granados JM, Salcedo-Marin MD, Ruiz-Veguilla M, Perez-Ayala V, Taylor E. Evaluation of a psychoeducation programme for parents of children and adolescents with ADHD: immediate and long-term effects using a blind randomized controlled trial. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2014;23:637-47. doi:10.1007/s00787-013-0494-7.

15. Chen YC, Hwang-Gu SL, Ni HC, Liang S HY, Lin HY, Lin CF, et al. Relationship between parenting stress and informant discrepancies on symptoms of ADHD/ODD and internalizing behaviors in preschool children. PLoS One. 2017;12:e0183467. doi:10.1371/journal. pone.0183467.

16. Leavitt CE, McDaniel BT, Maas MK, Feinberg ME. Parenting stress and sexual satisfaction among first-time parent: a dyadic approach. Sex Roles 2017;76:346-55. doi:10.1007/s1199-016-0623-0.

17. Burns N, Grove SK. The practice of nursing research: conduct, critique, and utilization 4th ed. Philadelphia PA: WB Saunders; 2001.

18. DeVellis RF. Scale development: theory and applications 2nd ed. Thousand Oaks CA: Sage; 2003.

19. Waltz CF, Strickland OL, Lens ER. Measurement in nursing research 3rd ed. Philadelphia PA: FA Davis; 2005.

20. สุจิตรา เทียนสวัสดิ์. ดัชนีความตรงเชิงเนื้อหา: ข้อวิพากษ์และข้อเสนอแนะวิธีการคำนวณ [Content validity index: critique and recommendation for computation]. พยาบาลสาร. 2007;34(4):1-9.

21. Hair JF, Black WC, Babin BJ, Anderson RE, Tatham RL. Multivariate data analysis 6th ed. New Jersey US: Pearson Prentice Hall; 2006.

22. Abidin RR. editor. Parenting stress index, fourth edition short form (PSI-4SF) [Internet]. Texas: Texas A&M University; 2012 [cited 2017 Aug 10]. Available from: https://www.wpspublish.com/psi-4-parenting-stress-index-fourth-edition

23. Schermelleh-Engel K, Moosbrugger H, Müller H. Evaluating the fit of structural equation models: test of significance and descriptive goodness-of-fit measures. Methods of Psychological Research. 2003;8(2),23-74.

24. Satir V, Banmen J, Gerber J, Gomori M. The Satir Model: family therapy and beyond. California US: Science and behavior book; 1991.

Downloads

Published

2020-01-31

Versions

How to Cite

1.
Srikosai S, Moanchai P, Kamfou C, Taweewattanaprecha S, Saipanish R. Validity and reliability of the Parenting Stress Index of children aged 1 month to 12 years. J Ment Health Thai [internet]. 2020 Jan. 31 [cited 2025 Apr. 26];28(1):56-71. available from: https://he01.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/jmht/article/view/238958

Issue

Vol. 28 No. 1 (2020)

Section

Original article

License

Copyright (c) 2020 Journal of Mental Health of Thailand

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

- Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use of specific clients, is granted. The consent does not extend to other kinds of copying, such as for general distribution, for advertising, or for resale.

- Unless otherwise states, the views and opinion expressed in Journal of Mental Health of Thailand are those of authors of the papers, and do not represent those of the editorial board or the Department of Mental Health.