Development and Evaluation of a Mobile Application System to Assist Drug Label Reading in Older Persons
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
Objective: To develop an application on a mobile to assist the reading of drug labels for the older persons, and to evaluate the application. Methods: This research consisted of 2 parts: 1) application system development including 1.1) user- experience design 1.2) user-interface-design and 1.3) technical design and 2) evaluation including 2.1) testing in 5 health informatics experts and 2.2) testing in 20 elderly to assess efficiency, effectiveness, and user satisfaction. Results: This study used the hospital information system to develop drug labels that could work with the applications on mobile. The application system for assisting drug label reading worked as intended, and passed the evaluation by all 5 health informatics experts. The evaluation by volunteers found efficiency and effectiveness in 85% (17 out of 20 people), thus passing the evaluation criteria. The average time from turning on the phone to pressing the scan button was 4.09±3.21 seconds, and the average time from pressing the scanning button to successfully scanning the QR code was 3.56±3.61 seconds. Users were satisfied with the application at the highest level (average score of more than 4.00 out of 5), both in terms of drug label, ease of use and usefulness. Conclusion: Drug labels developed in the study can be automatically printed from the hospital information system and can be used in conjunction with the developed mobile application. The elderly could use the application to review correct instruction on drug uses according to drug labels.
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
ผลการวิจัยและความคิดเห็นที่ปรากฏในบทความถือเป็นความคิดเห็นและอยู่ในความรับผิดชอบของผู้นิพนธ์ มิใช่ความเห็นหรือความรับผิดชอบของกองบรรณาธิการ หรือคณะเภสัชศาสตร์ มหาวิทยาลัยสงขลานครินทร์ ทั้งนี้ไม่รวมความผิดพลาดอันเกิดจากการพิมพ์ บทความที่ได้รับการเผยแพร่โดยวารสารเภสัชกรรมไทยถือเป็นสิทธิ์ของวารสารฯ
References
United Nation. World population prospects 2022: Summary of results [online]. 2022 [cited Dec 1, 2022]. Available from: www.un.org/development/ desa/pd/sites/www.un.org.development.desa.pd/files/wpp2022_summary_of_results.pdf.
World Health Organization. Active ageing: A policy framework. Madrid, Spain: World Health Organiza- tion; 2002.
National Statistical Office. The 2021 survey of the older persons in Thailand [online]. 2022 [cited Dec 1, 2022]. Available from: www.nso.go.th/sites/2014/ DocLib13/ด้านสังคม/สาขาประชากร/ประชากรสูงอายุ/2564/full_report_64.pdf.
Ministry of Public Health, Office of the Permanent Secretary. Thailand health profile 2016-2017 [on line]. 2019 [cited Dec 1, 2022]. Available from: bps. moph.go.th/new_bps/sites/default/files/thailand%20health%20profile%202016_2017.pdf.
Hamid AA, Ghaleb M, Aljadhey H, Aslanpour Z. A systematic review of hospitalization resulting from medicine-related problems in adult patients. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2014; 78: 202-17.
Leendertse AJ, Egberts ACG, Stoker LJ, van den Bemt PMLA. Frequency of and risk factors for preventable medication-related hospital admissions in the Netherlands. Arch Intern Med 2008; 168: 1890-6.
Leendertse AJ, van den Bemt PMLA, Poolman JB, Stoker LJ, Egberts AC, Postma MJ. Preventable hospital admissions related to medication (HARM): cost analysis of the HARM study. Value Health 2011; 14: 34-40.
World Health Organization. Adherence to long-term therapies: evidence for action. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2003.
Marcum ZA, Amuan ME, Hanlon JT, Aspinall SL, Handler SM, Ruby CM, et al. Prevalence of un- planned hospitalizations caused by adverse drug reactions in older veterans. J Am Geriatr Soc 2012; 60: 34-41.
Oscanoa TJ, Lizaraso F, Carvajal A. Hospital admissions due to adverse drug reactions in the elderly. A meta-analysis. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2017; 73: 759-70.
Sköldunger A, Fastbom J, Wimo A, Fratiglioni L, Johnell K. Impact of inappropriate drug use on hospitalizations, mortality, and costs in older persons and persons with dementia: Findings from the SNAC study. Drugs Aging 2015; 32: 671-8.
Gustafsson M, Sjölander M, Pfister B, Jonsson J, Schneede J, Lövheim H. Drug-related hospital admissions among old people with dementia. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2016; 72: 1143-53.
Dechanont S, Jedsadayanmata A, Butthum B, Kong kaew C. Hospital admissions associated with medication-related problems in Thai older patients: A multicenter prospective observational study. J Patient Saf 2021; 17: 15-22.
Ratanadadas J, Rattanachotphanit T, Limwattana non C. Self-administration of medications for chronic diseases and drug-related hospital admissions in elderly patients at a Thai hospital. Int J Clin Pharm 2021; 43: 864-71.
Paisansirikul A, Ketprayoon A, Ittiwattanakul W, Petchlorlian A. Prevalence and associated factors of drug-related problems among older people: A cross-sectional study at King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital in Bangkok. Drugs Real World Outcomes 2021; 8: 73-84.
Berman A. Reducing medication errors through naming, labeling, and packaging. J Med Syst 2004; 28: 9-29.
Dollinger C, Schwiertz V, Sarfati L, Gourc-Berthod C, Guédat MG, Alloux C, et al. SIMulation of medica- tion error induced by clinical trial drug labeling: the SIMME-CT study. Int J Qual Health Care 2016; 28: 311-5.
Davis TC, Wolf MS, Bass 3rd PF, Thompson JA, Tilson HH, Neuberger M, et al. Literacy and misun- derstanding prescription drug labels. Ann Intern Med 2006; 145: 887-94.
Zuccollo G, Liddell H. The elderly and the medi- cation label: doing it better. Age Ageing 1985; 14: 371-6.
Ruenruay S, Saokaew S. Situation of medicines and dietary supplements in the health provider board region 3. Thai Journal of Pharmacy Practice 2017; 9: 225-35.
Niyomyat P. Knowledge, attitude and behavior of medicine label reading and leaflet of patients at hypertension clinic Khueang Nai Hospital, Khueang Nai District, Ubon Ratchathani. Mahasarakham: Mahasarakham University; 2009.
Chai-chana K. 39% of the elderly people found to be misusing medication Rayong Hospital's innovative 'picture drug label' can solve 92% of the problems [online]. 2017 [cited Dec 1, 2022]. Available from: www.hfocus.org/content/2017/04/13 820.
Wolf MS, Davis TC, Curtis LM, Webb JA, Bailey SC, Shrank WH, et al. Effect of standardized, patient-centered label instructions to improve comprehen- sion of prescription drug use. Med Care 2011; 49: 96-100.
Mullen RJ, Duhig J, Russell A, Scarazzini L, Lievano F, Wolf MS. Best-practices for the design and development of prescription medication information: A systematic review. Patient Educ Couns 2018; 101: 1351-67.
Mansoor LE, Dowse R. Effect of pictograms on readability of patient information materials. Ann Pharmacother 2003; 37: 1003-9.
Wolf MS, Taitel MS, Jiang JZ, Curtis LM, Wismer GA, Wallia A, et al. Prevalence of universal medication schedule prescribing and links to adherence. Am J Health Syst Pharm 2020; 77: 196-205.
Engelhardt JB, Randy A, Anthony M, Jian G. An evaluation of the functionality and acceptability of the voice prescription label. J Vis Impair Blind 2001; 95: 702-6.
TalkingRx. Millennium Compliance Corporation 2000 [online]. 2000 [cited Dec 1, 2022]. Available from: www.talkingrx.com/.
En-Vision America. Mate, I. D [online]. 2001 [cited Dec 1, 2022]. Available from: www.envisionamerica. com/products/idmate/.
En-Vision America. How does scriptalk work? [online]. 2001 [cited Dec 1, 2022]. Available from: www.envisionamerica.com/post/how-does-scriptalk-work.
Wiggin A, Young M. Talking pill bottles aim to improve health, health literacy [online]. 2009 [cited Dec 1, 2022]. Available from: www.washington.edu /news/2009/05/14/talking-pill-bottles-aim-to-improve-health-health-literacy/.
Lam AY, Nguyen JK, Parks JJ, Morisky DE, Berry DL, Wolpin SE. Addressing low health literacy with "Talking Pill Bottles": A pilot study in a community pharmacy setting. J Am Pharm Assoc (2003) 2017; 57: 20-9.
The National Electronics and Computer Technology Center. Drugs that speak to you [online]. 2007 [cited Dec 1, 2022]. Available from: www.nectec.or.th/info/ posters/pdf/healt/drung.pdf.
Lertwiriyaprapa T, Fakkheow P. A low-cost audio prescription labeling system using RFID for Thai visually-impaired people. Assist Technol 2015; 27: 149-57.
Jongprasert W, Suttajit S, Phimarn W. Improving accuracy of drug use in visually impaired women by using the talking label. Isan Journal of Pharmaceu tical Sciences 2009; 5: 14-24.
Sarzynski E, Decker B, Thul A, Weismantel D, Melaragni R, Cholakis E, et al. Beta testing a novel smartphone application to improve medication adherence. Telemed J E Health 2017; 23: 339-48.
Cohen S. The our pills talk medicine safety app [online]. 2013 [cited Dec 1, 2022]. Available from: ourpillstalk.com.au/.
CVS Health. Spoken Rx "Talking" prescription labels now available in all CVS pharmacy locations [online]. 2021 [cited Dec 1, 2022]. Available from: www.cvshe alth.com/news/innovation/spoken-rx-talking-prescr iption-labels-now-available-in-all-cvs.html.
Orprayoon S, Fuangchan A. Development of drug labels for people with visual loss. Thai Journal of Pharmacy Practice 2017; 9: 236-50.
World Health Organization. mHealth: new horizons for health through mobile technologies: second global survey on eHealth. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2011.
Jantavongso S. Toward global digital literate citizens: A case of Thailand's aging generation. Electron J Inf Syst Dev Ctries 2022; 88: e12207.
National Statistical Office. The 2019 household survey on the use of information and communication technology [online]. 2019 [cited Dec 1, 2022]. Available from: www.nso.go.th/sites/2014en/Survey/ ICT/Survey%20In%20Household/2019/full_report62.pdf.
Niehaves B, Ralf P. Internet adoption by the elderly: Employing IS technology acceptance theories for understanding the age-related digital divide. Eur J Inf Syst 2014; 23: 708-26.
Michie S, van Stralen MM, West R. The behaviour change wheel: a new method for characterising and designing behaviour change interventions. Imple ment Sci 2011; 6: 42. doi.org/10.1186/1748-5908-6-42
Lepicard G, Nadine V, editors. Touch screen user interfaces for older subjects. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg; 2010.
Jin ZX, Tom P, Liana K, editors. Touch screen user interfaces for older adults: button size and spacing. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg; 2007.
Siegle D. There’s an app for that, and i made it. Gift Child Today 2020; 43: 64-71.
mHIMSS App Usability Work Group. Selecting a mobile app: Evaluating the usability of medical applications [online]. 2012 [cited Dec 1, 2022]. Available from: www.himss.org/sites/hde/files/HIMS Sorg/Content/files/SelectingMobileApp_EvaluatingUsabilityMedicalApplications.pdf.
United States, Department of Health and Human Services, General Services Administration. Research - based web design & usability guidelines. Washington, DC: U.S. General Services Administra tion; 2006.
Nielsen J. Quantitative studies: How many users to test? [online]. 2006 [cited Dec 1, 2022]. Available from: www.nngroup.com/articles/quantitative-studies - how -many-users/.
Ministry of Public Health. Guidelines for medicines labeling [online]. Bangkok: Ministry of Public Health; 2022. [cited Dec 1, 2022]. Available from: mrd.hss.moph.go.th/mrd1_hss/?p=5418.
VOICEYE. VOICEYE App V2.0 [online]. 2012 [cited Dec 1, 2022]. Available from: www.voiceye.com/kor/ product/product04.jsp.
Apple. Add and log medications with iPhone and Apple Watch [online]. 2022 [cited Dec 1, 2022]. Available from: support.apple.com/en-us/HT213351.
