Malnutrition and its Impacts in Hospitalized Patients: A Systematic Review
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Published:
Nov 16, 2019
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Abstract
Objective: To determine the outcome of screening/assessment for malnutrition (MN) and impacts of MN in hospitalized patients Methods: The study searched the articles in international electronic databases including Medline, Cochrane Library and Thai databases including Thai Library Integrated System (ThaiLIS), Thai Journal Citation Index Centre (TCI) and Universities’ Thesis database from inception to December 2018 as well as manual search. Eligible articles were studies that screened/assessed hospitalized patients for MN and reported the following outcomes--prevalence of MN and impacts of MN including mortality, length of hospital stay, and complications. Results: Twenty-seven studies were identified according to eligibility criteria. The studies screened/assessed MN in hospitalized patients using several methods including 1) assessment using personal information including dietary assessment and physical examination; 2) objective nutritional assessment including anthropometric measurement, biochemical assessment, and functional assessment and 3) tools employing objective nutritional assessment and personal information depending on the measures e.g., Subjective Global assessment, Nutritional Risk Screening, Nutrition Risk Index, Mini-nutritional assessment. Prevalence of MN varied from 0.5-85.5% depending on different types of methods and heterogeneity of patients. Patients with MN had a higher mortality rate and a longer hospital stay than those with normal nutrition status or mild MN status. Moreover, MN patients were more affected from infection and recurrence of the disease than those with normal nutrition status or mild MN status. Conclusion: Hospitalized patients are at risk of MN. Screening and assessment for MN in hospitalized patients are essential. A number of methods of screening and assessment for MN are available. Health professionals should select appropriate methods of screening and assessment for patients in order to reduce mortality, hospital stay, infection and recurrence of the disease.
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Research Articles
ผลการวิจัยและความคิดเห็นที่ปรากฏในบทความถือเป็นความคิดเห็นและอยู่ในความรับผิดชอบของผู้นิพนธ์ มิใช่ความเห็นหรือความรับผิดชอบของกองบรรณาธิการ หรือคณะเภสัชศาสตร์ มหาวิทยาลัยสงขลานครินทร์ ทั้งนี้ไม่รวมความผิดพลาดอันเกิดจากการพิมพ์ บทความที่ได้รับการเผยแพร่โดยวารสารเภสัชกรรมไทยถือเป็นสิทธิ์ของวารสารฯ
References
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2. Kang MC, Kim JH, Ryu S-W, Moon JY, Park JH, Park JK, et al. Prevalence of malnutrition in hospitalized patients: a multicenter cross-sectional study. J Korean Med Sci. 2018;33:1-10.
3. Marshall S, Young A, Bauer J, Isenring E. Malnutrition in geriatric rehabilitation: prevalence, patient outcomes, and criterion validity of the scored patient-generated subjective global assess ment and the mini nutritional assessment. J Acad Nutr Diet. 2016;116:785-94.
4. Muscaritoli M, Lucia S, Farcomeni A, Lorusso V, Saracino V, Barone C, et al. Prevalence of mal- nutrition in patients at first medical oncology visit: the PreMiO study. Oncotarget. 2017;8:79884-96.
5. Nazemi L, Skoog I, Karlsson I, Hosseini S, Moham madi MR, Hosseini M, et al. Malnutrition, prevalence and relation to some risk factors among elderly residents of nursing homes in Tehran, Iran. Iran J Public Health. 2015; 44:218-227.
6. Alvarez Hernandez J, Planas Vila M, Leon Sanz M, Garcia de Lorenzo y Mateos A, Celaya Pérez S, García Lorda P, et al. Prevalence and costs of multinutrution in hospitalized patients; the PREDy CES study. Nutr Hosp.2012; 27: 1049-59.
7. Mahakalkar CC, Modi S, Yeola M, Kaple MN, Patwardhan MA, Laddha P. Malnutrition in hospitalised patients; a real concern in surgical outcomes. Int J Res Med Sci. 2014;2:250-57.
8. Norman K, Pichard C, Lochs H, Pirlich M. Prognostic impact of disease-related malnutrition. Clin Nutr. 2008;27:5-15.
9. Bauer J, Capra S, Ferguson M. Use of the scored Patients-Generated Subjective Global Assessment (PG-SGA) as a nutrition assessment tool in patients with cancer. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2002;56:779-85.
10. Velasco C, Garcia E, Rodriguez V, Frias L, Garriga R, Alvarez J, et al. Comparison of four nutritional screening tools to detect nutritional risk in hospitalized patients: a multicentre study. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2011;65:269-74.
11. Sureeporn Aiyakaew BM. Nutritional Status of Patients In Surgical Intensive Care Unit by using Udonthanihospital Nutrition Triage. Srinagarind Medical Journal. 2012; 27; 354-60.
12. Pirlich M, Schutz T, Norman K, Gastell S, Lubke HJ, Bischoff SC, et al. The German hospital malnutrition study. Clin Nutr. 2006;25:563-72.
13. Frew E, Cant R, Sequeira J. Capturing the data: nutrition risk screening of adults in hospital. Nutrients. 2010;2:438-48.
14. Aquino RdCd, Philippi ST. Identification of malnutrition risk factors in hospitalized patients. Revista da Associao Medica Brasileira. 2011; 57: 637-43.
15. Amaral TF, Antunes A, Cabral S, Alves P, Kent-Smith L. An evaluation of three nutritional screening tools in a Portuguese oncology centre. J Hum Nutr Diet. 2008;21:575-83.
16. Cansado P, Ravasco P, Camilo M. A longitudinal study of hospital undernutrition in the elderly: comparison of four validated methods. J Nutr Health Aging. 2009;13:159-64.
17. Putwatana P, Reodecha P, Sirapo-ngam Y, Lertsithichai P, Sumboonnanonda K. Nutrition screening tools and the prediction of postoperative infectious and wound complications: comparison of methods in presence of risk adjustment. Nutrition. 2005;21:691-7.
18. Raslan M, Gonzalez MC, Torrinhas RSMM, Ravacci GR, Pereira JCR, Waitzberg DL. Comple mentarity of Subjective Global Assessment (SGA) and Nutritional Risk Screening 2002 (NRS 2002) for predicting poor clinical outcomes in hospitalized patients. Clin Nutr. 2011;30:49-53.
19. Pressoir M, Desne S, Berchery D, Rossignol G, Poiree B, Meslier M, et al. Prevalence, risk factors and clinical implications of malnutrition in French Comprehensive Cancer Centres. Br J Cancer 2010 ; 102: 966-71.
20. Anthony PS. Nutrition screening tools for hospi talized patients. Nutr Clin Pract. 2008;23:373-82.
21. Poulia K-A, Yannakoulia M, Karageorgou D, Gamaletsou M, Panagiotakos DB, Sipsas NV, et al. Evaluation of the efficacy of six nutritional screening tools to predict malnutrition in the elderly. Clin Nutr. 2012;31: 378-85.
22. Charney P. Nutrition screening vs nutrition assess ment: how do they differ? Nutr Clin Pract. 2008;23: 366-72.
23. Mueller C, Compher C, Ellen DM. American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition (ASPEN) Board of Directors. ASPEN clinical guidelines: Nutrition screening, assessment, and intervention in adults. J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 2011 ;35: 16-24.
24. Hamirudin AH, Charlton K, Walton K. Outcomes related to nutrition screening in community living older adults: A systematic literature review. Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 2016;62:9-25.
25. Donini LM, Savina C, Rosano A, Cannella C. Systematic review of nutritional status evaluation and screening tools in the elderly. J Nutr Health Aging. 2007;11:421-32.
26. van Bokhorst–de van der Schueren MAE, Guaitoli PR, Jansma EP, de Vet HCW. A systematic review of malnutrition screening tools for the nursing home setting. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2014;15:171-84.
27. Peterson J, Welch V, Losos M, Tugwell P. The Newcastle-Ottawa scale (NOS) for assessing the quality of nonrandomised studies in meta-analyses. Ottawa: Ottawa Hospital Research Institute; 2011.
28. Modesti PA, Reboldi G, Cappuccio FP, Agyemang C, Remuzzi G, Rapi S, et al. Panethnic differences in blood pressure in Europe: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS ONE 2016; 11: e014760 1. doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0147601
29. Adejumo OL, Koelling TM, Hummel SL. Nutritional risk Index predicts mortality in hospitalized advanced heart failure patients. J Heart Lung Transplant. 2015; 34:1385-9.
30. Cerri AP, Bellelli G, Mazzone A, Pittella F, Landi F, Zambon A, et al. Sarcopenia and malnutrition in acutely ill hospitalized elderly: Prevalence and outcomes. Clin Nutr. 2015;34: 745-51.
31. Coltman A, Peterson S, Roehl K, Roosevelt H, Sowa D. Use of 3 tools to assess nutrition risk in the intensive care unit. J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 2015;39: 28-33.
32. Mogensen KM, Robinson MK, Casey JD, Gunase kera NS, Moromizato T, Rawn JD, et al. Nutritional status and mortality in the critically ill. Crit Care Med. 2015;43:2605-15.
33. Bassim CW, Fassil H, Dobbin M, Steinberg SM, Baird K, Cole K, et al. Malnutrition in patients with chronic GVHD. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2014; 49: 1300-6.
34. Drevet S, Bioteau C, Maziere S, Couturier P, Merloz P, Tonetti J, et al. Prevalence of protein-energy malnutrition in hospital patients over 75 years of age admitted for hip fracture. Orthop Traumatol Surg Res. 2014;100:669-74.
35. Moriana M, Civera M, Artero A, Real JT, Caro J, Ascaso JF, et al. Validity of subjective global assessment as a screening method for hospital malnutrition. Prevalence of malnutrition in a tertiary hospital. Endocrinol Nutr 2014;61:184-9.
36. Tangvik RJ, Tell GS, Eisman JA, Guttormsen AB, Henriksen A, Nilsen RM, et al. The nutritional strategy: four questions predict morbidity, mortality and health care costs. Clin Nutr. 2014;33:634-41.
37. Rodrigues CS, Chaves GV. Patient-Generated Subjective Global Assessment in relation to site, stage of the illness, reason for hospital admission, and mortality in patients with gynecological tumors. Support Care Cancer. 2014;23:871-9.
38. Agarwal E, Ferguson M, Banks M, Batterham M, Bauer J, Capra S, et al. Malnutrition and poor food intake are associated with prolonged hospital stay, frequent readmissions, and greater in-hospital mortality: results from the Nutrition Care Day Survey 2010. Clin Nutr. 2013;32:737-45.
39. Mauricio SF, da Silva JB, Bering T, Correia MI. Relationship between nutritional status and the Glasgow Prognostic Score in patients with colorectal cancer. Nutrition. 2013;29:625-9.
40. Rasheed S, Woods RT. Malnutrition and associated clinical outcomes in hospitalized patients aged 60 and older: an observational study in rural Wales. J Nutr Gerontol Geriatr. 2013;32: 71-80.
41. Thoresen L, Frykholm G, Lydersen S, Ulveland H, Baracos V, Prado CM, et al. Nutritional status, cachexia and survival in patients with advanced colorectal carcinoma. Different assessment criteria for nutritional status provide unequal results. Clin Nutr. 2013; 32:65-72.
42. Olveira G, Tapia MJ, Ocón J, Cabrejas-Gómez C, Ballesteros-Pomar MD, Vidal-Casariego A, et al. The subjective global assessment predicts in-hospital mortality better than other nutrition-related risk indexes in noncritically ill inpatients who receive total parenteral nutrition in Spain (prospective multicenter study). J Acad Nutr Diet. 2013;113: 1209-18.
43. Pasquini TA, Neder HD, Araujo-Junqueira L, De-Souza DA. Clinical outcome of protein-energy malnourished patients in a Brazilian university hospital. Braz J Med Biol Res. 2012;45:1301-7.
44. Shen HC, Chen HF, Peng LN, Lin MH, Chen LK, Liang CK, et al. Impact of nutritional status on long-term functional outcomes of post-acute stroke patients in Taiwan. Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 2011;53: 149-52.
45. Wu B, Yin TT, Cao W, Gu ZD, Wang X, Yan M, et al. Validation of the Chinese version of the Subjective Global Assessment scale of nutritional status in a sample of patients with gastrointestinal cancer. Int J Nurs Stud. 2010;47: 323-31.
46. Schnelldorfer T, Adams DB. The effect of mal nutrition on morbidity after surgery for chronic pancreatitis. Am Surg. 2005;71:466-72.
47. Galvan O, Joannidis M, Widschwendter A, Bonatti H, Sprinzl GM, Rehak P, et al. Comparison of different scoring methods for assessing the nutritional status of hospitalised patients. Wien Klin Wochenschr. 2004;116: 596-602.
48. Stephenson GR, Moretti EW, El-Moalem H, Clavien PA, Tuttle-Newhall JE. Malnutrition in liver transplant patients: preoperative subjective global assessment is predictive of outcome after liver transplantation. Transplantation. 2001;72:666-70.
49. Corish CA, Flood P, Mulligan S, Kennedy NP. Apparent low frequency of undernutrition in Dublin hospital in-patients: should we review the anthropometric thresholds for clinical practice? Br J Nutr. 2000;84: 325-35.
50. Giner M, Laviano A, Meguid MM, Gleason JR. In 1995 a correlation between malnutrition and poor outcome in critically ill patients still exists. Nutrition. 1996;12:23-9.
51. Volkert D, Kruse W, Oster P, Schlierf G. Malnutrition in geriatric patients: diagnostic and prognostic significance of nutritional parameters. Ann Nutr Metab. 1992;36: 97-112.
52. Aiyakaew S. Nutritional status of patients in surgical intensive care unit by using Udonthani Hospital Nutrition Triage [master thesis]. Khon Kaen: Khon Kaen University; 2002.
53. Siribumrungwong B, Srithamma B, Kuntonpreeda K, Tomtitchong P. Prevalence of malnutrition and nutritional assessment in abdominal-surgical patients: a prospective cross-sectional study. J Med Assoc Thai 2011;94:19-23.
54. Reodecha P. Screening of malnutrition risk of postoperative infections and mortality in patients undergoing abdominal surgery [master thesis]. Bangkok : Mahidol Univerisity; 2003.
55. Pramparmamon C. Nutritional status and adequacy of nutritional support among medical patients with mechanical ventilators [master thesis]. Bangkok: Mahidol Univerisity; 1999.
56. Phillips MB, Foley AL, Barnard R, Isenring EA, Miller MD. Nutritional screening in community-dwelling older adults: a systematic literature review. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2010;19: 440-9.
57. Detsky AS, McLaughlin JR, Baker JP, Johnston N, Whittaker S, Mendelson RA, et al. What is subjective global assessment of nutritional status? J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 1987;11:8-13.
58. Kubrak C, Jensen L. Malnutrition in acute care patients: a narrative review. Int J Nur Stud. 2007;44:1036-54.
59. Elia M, Zellipour L, Stratton RJ. To screen or not to screen for adult malnutrition? Clin Nutr. 2005;24:867-84.
60. Russell C, Elia M. Nutrition screening survey in the UK and Republic of Ireland in 2010. A report by BAPEN. 2011.
61. Pirlich M, Schütz T, Norman K, Gastell S, Lübke HJ, Bischoff SC, et al. The German hospital malnutrition study. Clinical nutrition. 2006;25:563-72.
2. Kang MC, Kim JH, Ryu S-W, Moon JY, Park JH, Park JK, et al. Prevalence of malnutrition in hospitalized patients: a multicenter cross-sectional study. J Korean Med Sci. 2018;33:1-10.
3. Marshall S, Young A, Bauer J, Isenring E. Malnutrition in geriatric rehabilitation: prevalence, patient outcomes, and criterion validity of the scored patient-generated subjective global assess ment and the mini nutritional assessment. J Acad Nutr Diet. 2016;116:785-94.
4. Muscaritoli M, Lucia S, Farcomeni A, Lorusso V, Saracino V, Barone C, et al. Prevalence of mal- nutrition in patients at first medical oncology visit: the PreMiO study. Oncotarget. 2017;8:79884-96.
5. Nazemi L, Skoog I, Karlsson I, Hosseini S, Moham madi MR, Hosseini M, et al. Malnutrition, prevalence and relation to some risk factors among elderly residents of nursing homes in Tehran, Iran. Iran J Public Health. 2015; 44:218-227.
6. Alvarez Hernandez J, Planas Vila M, Leon Sanz M, Garcia de Lorenzo y Mateos A, Celaya Pérez S, García Lorda P, et al. Prevalence and costs of multinutrution in hospitalized patients; the PREDy CES study. Nutr Hosp.2012; 27: 1049-59.
7. Mahakalkar CC, Modi S, Yeola M, Kaple MN, Patwardhan MA, Laddha P. Malnutrition in hospitalised patients; a real concern in surgical outcomes. Int J Res Med Sci. 2014;2:250-57.
8. Norman K, Pichard C, Lochs H, Pirlich M. Prognostic impact of disease-related malnutrition. Clin Nutr. 2008;27:5-15.
9. Bauer J, Capra S, Ferguson M. Use of the scored Patients-Generated Subjective Global Assessment (PG-SGA) as a nutrition assessment tool in patients with cancer. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2002;56:779-85.
10. Velasco C, Garcia E, Rodriguez V, Frias L, Garriga R, Alvarez J, et al. Comparison of four nutritional screening tools to detect nutritional risk in hospitalized patients: a multicentre study. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2011;65:269-74.
11. Sureeporn Aiyakaew BM. Nutritional Status of Patients In Surgical Intensive Care Unit by using Udonthanihospital Nutrition Triage. Srinagarind Medical Journal. 2012; 27; 354-60.
12. Pirlich M, Schutz T, Norman K, Gastell S, Lubke HJ, Bischoff SC, et al. The German hospital malnutrition study. Clin Nutr. 2006;25:563-72.
13. Frew E, Cant R, Sequeira J. Capturing the data: nutrition risk screening of adults in hospital. Nutrients. 2010;2:438-48.
14. Aquino RdCd, Philippi ST. Identification of malnutrition risk factors in hospitalized patients. Revista da Associao Medica Brasileira. 2011; 57: 637-43.
15. Amaral TF, Antunes A, Cabral S, Alves P, Kent-Smith L. An evaluation of three nutritional screening tools in a Portuguese oncology centre. J Hum Nutr Diet. 2008;21:575-83.
16. Cansado P, Ravasco P, Camilo M. A longitudinal study of hospital undernutrition in the elderly: comparison of four validated methods. J Nutr Health Aging. 2009;13:159-64.
17. Putwatana P, Reodecha P, Sirapo-ngam Y, Lertsithichai P, Sumboonnanonda K. Nutrition screening tools and the prediction of postoperative infectious and wound complications: comparison of methods in presence of risk adjustment. Nutrition. 2005;21:691-7.
18. Raslan M, Gonzalez MC, Torrinhas RSMM, Ravacci GR, Pereira JCR, Waitzberg DL. Comple mentarity of Subjective Global Assessment (SGA) and Nutritional Risk Screening 2002 (NRS 2002) for predicting poor clinical outcomes in hospitalized patients. Clin Nutr. 2011;30:49-53.
19. Pressoir M, Desne S, Berchery D, Rossignol G, Poiree B, Meslier M, et al. Prevalence, risk factors and clinical implications of malnutrition in French Comprehensive Cancer Centres. Br J Cancer 2010 ; 102: 966-71.
20. Anthony PS. Nutrition screening tools for hospi talized patients. Nutr Clin Pract. 2008;23:373-82.
21. Poulia K-A, Yannakoulia M, Karageorgou D, Gamaletsou M, Panagiotakos DB, Sipsas NV, et al. Evaluation of the efficacy of six nutritional screening tools to predict malnutrition in the elderly. Clin Nutr. 2012;31: 378-85.
22. Charney P. Nutrition screening vs nutrition assess ment: how do they differ? Nutr Clin Pract. 2008;23: 366-72.
23. Mueller C, Compher C, Ellen DM. American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition (ASPEN) Board of Directors. ASPEN clinical guidelines: Nutrition screening, assessment, and intervention in adults. J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 2011 ;35: 16-24.
24. Hamirudin AH, Charlton K, Walton K. Outcomes related to nutrition screening in community living older adults: A systematic literature review. Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 2016;62:9-25.
25. Donini LM, Savina C, Rosano A, Cannella C. Systematic review of nutritional status evaluation and screening tools in the elderly. J Nutr Health Aging. 2007;11:421-32.
26. van Bokhorst–de van der Schueren MAE, Guaitoli PR, Jansma EP, de Vet HCW. A systematic review of malnutrition screening tools for the nursing home setting. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2014;15:171-84.
27. Peterson J, Welch V, Losos M, Tugwell P. The Newcastle-Ottawa scale (NOS) for assessing the quality of nonrandomised studies in meta-analyses. Ottawa: Ottawa Hospital Research Institute; 2011.
28. Modesti PA, Reboldi G, Cappuccio FP, Agyemang C, Remuzzi G, Rapi S, et al. Panethnic differences in blood pressure in Europe: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS ONE 2016; 11: e014760 1. doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0147601
29. Adejumo OL, Koelling TM, Hummel SL. Nutritional risk Index predicts mortality in hospitalized advanced heart failure patients. J Heart Lung Transplant. 2015; 34:1385-9.
30. Cerri AP, Bellelli G, Mazzone A, Pittella F, Landi F, Zambon A, et al. Sarcopenia and malnutrition in acutely ill hospitalized elderly: Prevalence and outcomes. Clin Nutr. 2015;34: 745-51.
31. Coltman A, Peterson S, Roehl K, Roosevelt H, Sowa D. Use of 3 tools to assess nutrition risk in the intensive care unit. J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 2015;39: 28-33.
32. Mogensen KM, Robinson MK, Casey JD, Gunase kera NS, Moromizato T, Rawn JD, et al. Nutritional status and mortality in the critically ill. Crit Care Med. 2015;43:2605-15.
33. Bassim CW, Fassil H, Dobbin M, Steinberg SM, Baird K, Cole K, et al. Malnutrition in patients with chronic GVHD. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2014; 49: 1300-6.
34. Drevet S, Bioteau C, Maziere S, Couturier P, Merloz P, Tonetti J, et al. Prevalence of protein-energy malnutrition in hospital patients over 75 years of age admitted for hip fracture. Orthop Traumatol Surg Res. 2014;100:669-74.
35. Moriana M, Civera M, Artero A, Real JT, Caro J, Ascaso JF, et al. Validity of subjective global assessment as a screening method for hospital malnutrition. Prevalence of malnutrition in a tertiary hospital. Endocrinol Nutr 2014;61:184-9.
36. Tangvik RJ, Tell GS, Eisman JA, Guttormsen AB, Henriksen A, Nilsen RM, et al. The nutritional strategy: four questions predict morbidity, mortality and health care costs. Clin Nutr. 2014;33:634-41.
37. Rodrigues CS, Chaves GV. Patient-Generated Subjective Global Assessment in relation to site, stage of the illness, reason for hospital admission, and mortality in patients with gynecological tumors. Support Care Cancer. 2014;23:871-9.
38. Agarwal E, Ferguson M, Banks M, Batterham M, Bauer J, Capra S, et al. Malnutrition and poor food intake are associated with prolonged hospital stay, frequent readmissions, and greater in-hospital mortality: results from the Nutrition Care Day Survey 2010. Clin Nutr. 2013;32:737-45.
39. Mauricio SF, da Silva JB, Bering T, Correia MI. Relationship between nutritional status and the Glasgow Prognostic Score in patients with colorectal cancer. Nutrition. 2013;29:625-9.
40. Rasheed S, Woods RT. Malnutrition and associated clinical outcomes in hospitalized patients aged 60 and older: an observational study in rural Wales. J Nutr Gerontol Geriatr. 2013;32: 71-80.
41. Thoresen L, Frykholm G, Lydersen S, Ulveland H, Baracos V, Prado CM, et al. Nutritional status, cachexia and survival in patients with advanced colorectal carcinoma. Different assessment criteria for nutritional status provide unequal results. Clin Nutr. 2013; 32:65-72.
42. Olveira G, Tapia MJ, Ocón J, Cabrejas-Gómez C, Ballesteros-Pomar MD, Vidal-Casariego A, et al. The subjective global assessment predicts in-hospital mortality better than other nutrition-related risk indexes in noncritically ill inpatients who receive total parenteral nutrition in Spain (prospective multicenter study). J Acad Nutr Diet. 2013;113: 1209-18.
43. Pasquini TA, Neder HD, Araujo-Junqueira L, De-Souza DA. Clinical outcome of protein-energy malnourished patients in a Brazilian university hospital. Braz J Med Biol Res. 2012;45:1301-7.
44. Shen HC, Chen HF, Peng LN, Lin MH, Chen LK, Liang CK, et al. Impact of nutritional status on long-term functional outcomes of post-acute stroke patients in Taiwan. Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 2011;53: 149-52.
45. Wu B, Yin TT, Cao W, Gu ZD, Wang X, Yan M, et al. Validation of the Chinese version of the Subjective Global Assessment scale of nutritional status in a sample of patients with gastrointestinal cancer. Int J Nurs Stud. 2010;47: 323-31.
46. Schnelldorfer T, Adams DB. The effect of mal nutrition on morbidity after surgery for chronic pancreatitis. Am Surg. 2005;71:466-72.
47. Galvan O, Joannidis M, Widschwendter A, Bonatti H, Sprinzl GM, Rehak P, et al. Comparison of different scoring methods for assessing the nutritional status of hospitalised patients. Wien Klin Wochenschr. 2004;116: 596-602.
48. Stephenson GR, Moretti EW, El-Moalem H, Clavien PA, Tuttle-Newhall JE. Malnutrition in liver transplant patients: preoperative subjective global assessment is predictive of outcome after liver transplantation. Transplantation. 2001;72:666-70.
49. Corish CA, Flood P, Mulligan S, Kennedy NP. Apparent low frequency of undernutrition in Dublin hospital in-patients: should we review the anthropometric thresholds for clinical practice? Br J Nutr. 2000;84: 325-35.
50. Giner M, Laviano A, Meguid MM, Gleason JR. In 1995 a correlation between malnutrition and poor outcome in critically ill patients still exists. Nutrition. 1996;12:23-9.
51. Volkert D, Kruse W, Oster P, Schlierf G. Malnutrition in geriatric patients: diagnostic and prognostic significance of nutritional parameters. Ann Nutr Metab. 1992;36: 97-112.
52. Aiyakaew S. Nutritional status of patients in surgical intensive care unit by using Udonthani Hospital Nutrition Triage [master thesis]. Khon Kaen: Khon Kaen University; 2002.
53. Siribumrungwong B, Srithamma B, Kuntonpreeda K, Tomtitchong P. Prevalence of malnutrition and nutritional assessment in abdominal-surgical patients: a prospective cross-sectional study. J Med Assoc Thai 2011;94:19-23.
54. Reodecha P. Screening of malnutrition risk of postoperative infections and mortality in patients undergoing abdominal surgery [master thesis]. Bangkok : Mahidol Univerisity; 2003.
55. Pramparmamon C. Nutritional status and adequacy of nutritional support among medical patients with mechanical ventilators [master thesis]. Bangkok: Mahidol Univerisity; 1999.
56. Phillips MB, Foley AL, Barnard R, Isenring EA, Miller MD. Nutritional screening in community-dwelling older adults: a systematic literature review. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2010;19: 440-9.
57. Detsky AS, McLaughlin JR, Baker JP, Johnston N, Whittaker S, Mendelson RA, et al. What is subjective global assessment of nutritional status? J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 1987;11:8-13.
58. Kubrak C, Jensen L. Malnutrition in acute care patients: a narrative review. Int J Nur Stud. 2007;44:1036-54.
59. Elia M, Zellipour L, Stratton RJ. To screen or not to screen for adult malnutrition? Clin Nutr. 2005;24:867-84.
60. Russell C, Elia M. Nutrition screening survey in the UK and Republic of Ireland in 2010. A report by BAPEN. 2011.
61. Pirlich M, Schütz T, Norman K, Gastell S, Lübke HJ, Bischoff SC, et al. The German hospital malnutrition study. Clinical nutrition. 2006;25:563-72.
