ความสอดคล้องต่อการปฏิบัติงานจริงของกรอบสมรรถนะด้านเภสัชสาธารณสุขสำหรับเภสัชกรไทย
Main Article Content
บทคัดย่อ
วัตถุประสงค์: เพื่อตรวจสอบความสอดคล้องต่อการปฏิบัติงานจริงของกรอบสมรรถนะด้านเภสัชสาธารณสุขสำหรับเภสัชกรไทยที่ถูกพัฒนาขึ้นจากการทบทวนวรรณกรรมอย่างมีขอบเขตและผ่านการตรวจสอบความเที่ยงตรงโดยผู้เชี่ยวชาญในงานวิจัยก่อนหน้า วิธีการ: การศึกษาเชิงวิเคราะห์ภาคตัดขวางในเภสัชกรทั่วประเทศไทยตลอดห่วงโซ่อุปทานยา จำนวน 394 คน เก็บข้อมูลด้วยแบบประเมินออนไลน์ในช่วงเดือนเมษายน - กรกฎาคม พ.ศ.2566 กลุ่มตัวอย่างประเมินความสอดคล้องต่อการปฏิบัติงานจริงของกรอบสมรรถนะด้านเภสัชสาธารณสุขบนมาตรวัด 4 ระดับจาก 1 (ไม่สอดคล้อง) ถึง 4 (สอดคล้องอย่างยิ่ง) กรอบสมรรถนะประกอบด้วย 5 กลุ่มสมรรถนะ 17 สมรรถนะ และ 54 สมรรถนะเชิงพฤติกรรม การศึกษาวิเคราะห์กลุ่มย่อยเพื่อหาความแตกต่างของผลการประเมินระหว่างเภสัชกรที่มีลักษณะงานต่างกัน ผลการวิจัย: คะแนนรวมของกรอบสมรรถนะด้านเภสัชสาธารณสุขมีความสอดคล้องต่อการปฏิบัติงานจริงในระดับปานกลาง 2.90 ± 0.67 (จากคะแนนเต็ม 4) กลุ่มสมรรถนะที่มีความสอดคล้องเรียงลำดับจากมากที่สุดไปน้อยที่สุด ได้แก่ การสื่อสารเพื่อสร้างเสริมสุขภาพ (3.48 ± 0.70) การสร้างเสริมสุขภาพระดับบุคคลและครอบครัว (2.89 ± 0.74) การจัดการข้อมูลและหลักฐานเชิงประจักษ์ (2.78 ± 0.86) ระบาดวิทยาด้านเภสัชศาสตร์และการสนับสนุนภาวะฉุกเฉินด้านสาธารณสุขและโรคระบาด (2.70 ± 0.95) และ การเสริมพลังชุมชนเพื่อชุมชนมีสุขภาวะ (2.68 ± 0.85) กลุ่มเภสัชกรที่ลักษณะงานเน้นผลิตภัณฑ์ยามีค่าเฉลี่ยคะแนนความสอดคล้องน้อยกว่าลักษณะงานอื่นอย่างมีนัยสำคัญทางสถิติ สมรรถนะเชิงพฤติกรรมส่วนใหญ่ถูกประเมินว่าเป็นสมรรถนะสำหรับเภสัชกรทั้งระดับเริ่มต้นและระดับสูง (ร้อยละ 94.44 ของสมรรถนะเชิงพฤติกรรมทั้งหมด) สรุป: ความสอดคล้องต่อการปฏิบัติงานจริงของกรอบสมรรถนะด้านเภสัชสาธารณสุขที่พัฒนาขึ้นมีความแตกต่างกันไปตามแต่ลักษณะงาน ผลการศึกษาครั้งนี้เป็นข้อมูลเพื่อใช้ในการออกแบบสมรรถนะเภสัชกรไทยให้ตอบสนองต่อระบบสาธารณสุขไทยอย่างมีประสิทธิภาพต่อไป
Article Details

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
ผลการวิจัยและความคิดเห็นที่ปรากฏในบทความถือเป็นความคิดเห็นและอยู่ในความรับผิดชอบของผู้นิพนธ์ มิใช่ความเห็นหรือความรับผิดชอบของกองบรรณาธิการ หรือคณะเภสัชศาสตร์ มหาวิทยาลัยสงขลานครินทร์ ทั้งนี้ไม่รวมความผิดพลาดอันเกิดจากการพิมพ์ บทความที่ได้รับการเผยแพร่โดยวารสารเภสัชกรรมไทยถือเป็นสิทธิ์ของวารสารฯ
References
Suttajit S, Suwannaprom P, Eakanunkul S. On account of manpower: pharmacy workforce in the complexity of healthcare systems. Chiang Mai: Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University; 2018.
Thailand Drug System Report Committee. Thai drug system 2020. Bangkok: Thanaaroon Karnpim; 2020.
Walker R. Pharmaceutical public health: the end of pharmaceutical care. Pharma J 2000; 264: 340-1.
Yongpraderm S, Sornlertlumvanich K. Roles of primary care pharmacists in public sector: a qualitative study in Thailand. Thai Journal of Pharmacy Practice 2018; 10: 276-90.
The Working Group. Guide for pharmacists in primary care pharmaceutical operations. Nonthaburi: Bureau of Drug and Medical Service System Support, National Health Security Office; 2017.
Pharmacy Council of Thailand. Pharmacy Council of Thailand Announcement 20/2015: Pharmacy competency standard in pharmaceutical and health consumer protection [online]. 2015. [cited Jun 7, 2024]. Available from: www.pharmacycouncil.org/in dex.php?option=content_detail&menuid=68&itemid=671&catid=0.
Natha P, Suwanphrom P, Awiphan R. Integrating pharmacist’s roles in health consumer protection into community health system. Thai Journal of Pharmacy Practice 2019; 11: 61-76.
Chaiyakunapruk N, Jones S, Dhippayom T, Sumpradit N. Pharmacy practice in Thailand. In: Fathelrahman AI, Ibrahim MIM, Wertheimer AI, editors. Pharmacy practice in developing countries. Amsterdam: Elsevier; 2016. p. 3-22.
Hfocus. Health workforce as workers: problems and solutions of the Thai health system. [online]. 2016. [cited Jul 31, 2021]. Available from: www.hfocus.org/ content/2016/04/12004.
National Health Security Office (NHSO). Pharmacies vital to primary care [online]. 2022. [cited Feb 26, 2024]. Available from: eng.nhso.go. th/view/1/DescriptionNews/Pharmacies-vital-to-prim ary-care/475/EN-US.
Health Administration Division Office of the Permanent Secretary. Operational guidelines and system development of rational drug use community: RDU community. Nonthaburi: Ministry of Public Health; 2020.
Binagwaho A, Ghebreyesus TA. Primary healthcare is cornerstone of universal health coverage. BMJ 2019; 365: I2391.
Udoh A, Bruno-Tomé A, Ernawati DK, Galbraith K, Bates I. The development, validity and applicability to practice of pharmacy-related competency frameworks: a systematic review. Res Social Adm Pharm 2021; 17: 1697-718.
Whiddett S, Hollyforde S. A practical guide to competencies: how to enhance individual and organisational performance. London: CIPD Publishing; 2003.
Rasamithammachote S. Guidelines for developing human competency with competency based learning. 3rd ed. Bangkok: Se-ed Education; 2005.
Bruno AF. The feasibility, development and validation of a global competency framework for pharmacy education [dissertation]. London: University College London; 2011.
International Pharmaceutical Federation (FIP). A Global Competency Framework version 1. [online]. 2012. [cited Feb 2, 2024]. Available from: www.fip. org/files/fip/PharmacyEducation/GbCF_v1.pdf.
International Pharmaceutical Federation (FIP). A Global Competency Framework version 2 [online]. 2020. [cited Feb 2, 2024]. Available from: www.fip. org/file/4805.
Arakawa N, Yamamura S, Duggan C, Bates I. The development of a foundation-level pharmacy competency framework: An analysis of country-level applicability of the Global Competency Framework. Res Social Adm Pharm 2020; 16: 396-404.
Al-Haqan A, Smith F, Bader L, Bates I. Competency development for pharmacy: Adopting and adapting the Global Competency Framework. Res Social Adm Pharm 2021; 17: 771-85.
Meilianti S, Bates I, Falah N, Budiarti E, Sudjianto T, Bader L, et al. Using the FIP Global Competency Framework (GbCF) to develop a foundational competency framework for early careers pharma- cists in Indonesia [online]. 2024. [cited Feb 2, 2024]. Available from: www.academia.edu/41519513/Using _the_FIP_Global_Competency_Framework_(GbCF)_to_develop_a_Foundational_Competency_Framework_for_Early_Careers_Pharmacists_in_Indonesia.
Alfaifi S, Arakawa N, Bridges S. The relevance of the International Pharmaceutical Federation Global Competency Framework in developing a country-level competency framework for pharmacists: A cross-sectional study. Explor Res Clin Soc Pharm 2022; 5: 100095.
Brown AN, Gilbert BJ, Bruno AF, Cooper GM. Validated competency framework for delivery of pharmacy services in Pacific-Island countries. J Pharm Pract Res 2012; 42: 268-72.
The South African Pharmacy Council. 2018 Competency standards for pharmacists in South Africa [online]. 2018. [cited Feb 2, 2024]. Available from: www.gov.za/sites/default/files/gcis_document/ 201805/41621bn59.pdf.
Mucalo I, Hadziabdic MO, Govorcinovic T, Saric M, Bruno A, Bates I. The development of the Croatian competency framework for pharmacists. Am J Pharm Educ 2016; 80: 134.
Suwannaprom P, Suttajit S, Eakanunkul S, Supapaan T, Kessomboon N, Udomaksorn K, et al. Development of pharmacy competency framework for the changing demands of Thailand’s pharma ceutical and health services. Pharm Pract 2020; 18: 2141.
Pharmacy Council of Thailand. Pharmacy Council Announcement No. 18/2012: Professional core competency of Doctor of Pharmacy Program [online]. 2012 [cited Jun 7, 2024]. Available from: www.pharmacycouncil.org/index.php?option=content_search&menuid=68.
Pharmacy Council of Thailand. Pharmacy Council Announcement No. 8/2011: Standards for pharmacy practitioners in pharmaceutical care [online]. 2011 [cited Jun 7, 2024]. Available from: www.pharmacy council.org/share/file/file_260.pdf.
Pharmacy Council of Thailand. Pharmacy Council of Thailand. Pharmacy Council Announcement No. 13/2013: Pharmacy competency standard in industrial pharmacy [online]. 2013 [cited Jun 7, 2024]. Available from: pharmacycouncil.org/index .php?option=content_detail&menuid=0&itemid=287.
Yongpraderm S. Exploring competencies of primary care pharmacists practicing in public sector: a qualitative study. Thai Journal of Pharmacy Practice 2018; 10: 276-90.
Parinyarux P, Wongpoowarak P, Dhippayom T, Laophokhin V, Kitikannakorn N. Community pharmacy competency: systematic review. Thai Journal of Pharmacy Practice 2020; 12: 1168-78.
Auimekhakul T, Suttajit S, Suwannaprom P. Pharma ceutical public health competencies for Thai pharmacists: a scoping review with expert consultation. Explor Res Clin Soc Pharm 2024; 14: 100444.
Yamane T. Statistics: an introductory analysis. 3 ed. New York: Harper & Row; 1973.
Pharmacy Council of Thailand. Pharmacy Council Announcement No. 59/2019: Bachelor of Pharmacy Degree Accredited by the Pharmacy Council. Academic year 2020 [online]. 2019 [cited Jun 7, 2024]. Available from: www.pharmacycouncil.org/ index.php?option=content_detail&menuid=68&itemid=1492&catid=0.
Udoh A, Bruno-Tomé A, Ernawati DK, Galbraith K, Bates I. The effectiveness and impact on performance of pharmacy-related competency development frameworks: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Res Social Adm Pharm 2021; 17: 1685-96.
Parrott A. Performance tests in human psychophar- macology (2): content validity, criterion validity, and face validity. Hum Psychopharmacol 1991; 6: 91-8.
Bruno A, Bates I, Brock T, Anderson C. Towards a global competency framework. Am J Pharm Educ. 2010; 74: 56.
Chungsathiansap K, Paonil W, Sringenyuang L. Medicine and community: sociocultural dimensions. Nonthaburi: Office of Social and Health Research; 2007.
UK Public Health Register. The IUHPE core competencies and professional standards for health promotion [online]. 2016 [cited 15 January, 2022]. Available from: www.ukphr.org/wp-content/uploads/ 2017/02/Core_Competencies_Standards_linkE.pdf.
Community Public Health Profession Act B.E. 2556. Royal Gazette No. 130, Part 118A (Dec 16, 2013).
Ploylearmsang C, Kanjanasilp J, Kessomboon N, Suttajit S, Suwannaprom P, Sripa S, et al. Hospital pharmacy practice and the way forward for pharmacy education in Thailand. Can J Hosp Pharm 2019; 72: 34-41.
Center for Continuing Pharmaceutical Education. Primary pharmacy training course: Family and community pharmacist Fiscal year 2023 [online]. 2023 [cited Feb 18, 2024]. Available from: www.pharmacycouncil.org/ccpe/index.php?option=seminar_detail&subpage=seminar_detail&id=4568.
Chan XH, Wuliji T. Global pharmacy workforce and migration report: a call for action [online]. 2010 [cited Jul 25, 2021]. Available from: www.hrhresource center.org/node/1326.html.
Phueanpinit P, Jarernsiripornkul N, Pongwecharak J, Krska J. Hospital pharmacists’ roles and attitudes in providing information on the safety of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in Thailand. Int J Clin Pharm 2014; 36: 1205-12.
Pender NJ, Murdaugh CL, Parsons MA. Health promotion in nursing practice. New Jersey: Peason Education; 2006.
Gibson CH. The process of empowerment in mothers of chronically ill children. J Adv Nurs 1995; 21: 1201-10.
Waldron T, Carr T, McMullen L, Westhorp G, Duncan V, Neufeld S-M, et al. Development of a program theory for shared decision-making: A realist synthesis. BMC Health Serv Res 2020; 20: 59. doi.org/10.1186/s12913-019-4649-1
Chronic Non-Communicable Disease Group Bureau of Noncommunicable Diseases. Manual for community-based prevention and control of chronic non-communicable diseases: community risk reduction reduce chronic non-communicable diseases (CBI NCDs) for public health personnel: person responsible for chronic non-communicable diseases in 2018. Bangkok: Department of Disease Control, Ministry of Public Health; 2018.
Teutsch SM, Berger ML. Evidence synthesis and evidence-based decision making: Related but distinct processes. Med Decis Making 2005; 25: 487-9. doi.org/10.1177/0272989X05281156
Tantivess S, Teerawattananon Y, Mills A. Strengthening cost-effectiveness analysis in Thailand through the establishment of the health intervention and technology assessment program. Pharmacoeconomics 2009; 27: 931-45.
Chang S, Lee TH. Beyond evidence-based medicine. N Engl J Med 2018; 379: 1983-5.
National Association of Pharmacy Regulatory Authorities. Model standards of practice for Canadian pharmacists [online]. 2009 [cited Jun 7, 2024]. Available from: napra.ca/sites/default/files/ 2017-09/Model_Standards_of_Prac_for_Cdn_Phar m _March09_layout2017_Final.pdf.
Parajuli DR, Khanal S, Wechkunanukul KH, Ghimire S, Poudel A. Pharmacy practice in emergency response during the covid-19 pandemic: lessons from Australia. Res Social Adm Pharm 2022; 18: 3453-62.
Aburas W, Alshammari TM. Pharmacists’ roles in emergency and disasters: covid-19 as an example. Saudi Pharm J 2020; 28: 1797-816.
Aruru M, Truong H-A, Clark S. Pharmacy emergency preparedness and response (pepr): a proposed framework for expanding pharmacy professionals’ roles and contributions to emergency preparedness and response during the covid-19 pandemic and beyond. Res Social Adm Pharm 2021; 17: 1967-77.
Somchan P. Development of a pharmaceutical care model for the care of patients infected with coronavirus 2019 in Nachaluai hospital, Ubon Ratchathani province. UBRU Journal for Public Health Research 2023; 12: 99-108.
Dawvongyad N. Satisfaction of mail service pharmacy and viral suppression of hiv infected patients in situation of covid-19 pandemic. Thai Journal of Hospital Pharmacy 2023; 33: 144-53.
Thongim C. The role of pharmacists after the covid-19 outbreak. Journal of Primary Care and Family Medicine. 2020; 3: 7-9.
Human resources management division. Office of the Permanent Secretary. Document no. PH0208.08/C1377 24 March 2024: Criteria, methods, and conditions for performance evaluation for promotion and appointment to expert and specialist positions under the Office of the Permanent Secretary, Ministry of Public Health [online]. 2022 [cited Jun 7, 2024]. Available from: dmsic.moph.go.th/index/detail/8946.
Galbraith K, Udoh A, Ernawati DK, Bates IP, Bader LR, Meilianti S. FIP global advanced development framework handbook version 1: supporting advancement of the profession [online]. 2020 [cited Jan 16, 2022]. Available from: www.fip.org/gadf.
Kopelman P, Bates I, Ward E, Duggan C. The RPS roadmap to advanced practice: supporting the development and assessment of advanced practitioners, both specialist and generalist. London: The Royal Pharmaceutical Society; 2016.
The Pharmaceutical Society of Ireland. Core competency framework for pharmacists [online]. 2013 [cited Jan 22, 2022]. Available from: www.thepsi.ie/Libraries/Pharmacy_Practice/PSI_Core_Comp_Framework_Web_Version_Final.sflb.ashx.
Rutjanathamrong P, Singweratham N, Techakehakij W, Boontiam N, Kaewsing P, Bunpean A. Development of management guideline for the Health security Funds to allocate budget for the District Health Promoting Hospitals transferred to the Local Administrative Organizations. Nonthaburi: Health Systems Research; 2022.
Insorn T. Illegal advertising of supplementary food among facebook and law enforcement guideline for officer. Research and Development Health System Journal 2019; 12: 40-8.
Phuengsaran P. Business plan: Moblie application "PHARMA NEAR" for telepharmacy. Bangkok: Mahidol University; 2021.
Wattana K, Yongpraderm S, Sottiyotin T, Adulyarat N, Suntonchainugul C, Chinakarapong N, et al. Desires and attitudes towards telepharmacy medicine delivery. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2022; 19: 13571.
National Health Security Office (NHSO). UCS beneficiaries to get free NCDs screening tests. [online]. 2022 [cited Feb 2, 2024]. Available from: eng.nhso.go.th/view/1/DescriptionNews/UCS-benefi ciaries-to-get-free-NCDs-screening-tests-/494/EN-US.
Jamison DT, Summers LH, Alleyne G, Arrow KJ, Berkley S, Binagwaho A, et al. Global health 2035: a world converging within a generation [online]. 2013 [cited Jun 6, 2024]. Available from: www.thelancet. com/commissions/global-health-2035.
Dahlgren G, Whitehead M. Levelling up. part 2: European strategies for tackling social inequities in health. WHO Collaborative Center for Policy Research on Social Determinants of Health. University of Liverpool studies on economic determinants of population health no. 3. Copenhagen: World Health Organization. 2006.
Pharmacy Council of Thailand. Pharmacy Council Announcement No. 24/2024: Standard criteria for pharmaceutical professionals in primary Pharmacy 2023 [online]. 2024 [cited Jun 7, 2024]. Available from: www.pharmacycouncil.org/index.php/index.ph p?option=content_detail&menuid=68&itemid=3388&catid=0.
Tutlys V, Winterton J, Tacconi G. Competency proficiency scaling. Handbook of vocational education and training: developments in the changing world of work. Cham: Springer Cham; 2019. p. 1219-38.