Family and Parenting Factors Associated with the Development of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in Children Aged 6-12 Years: a Case-Control Study
Keywords:
ADHD, Family, Media exposure, ParentingAbstract
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), one of the most common psychiatric disorders in children and adolescents, has widespread impacts on the quality of life of affected individuals and their families. This study aimed to examine the association between family and parenting factors occurring before the age of five and the development of ADHD in children aged 6–12 years. A retrospective analytic case-control study was conducted. Participants included parents of 131 children diagnosed with ADHD and 126 control children without psychiatric disorders. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and multiple logistic regression.
The findings revealed several factors significantly associated with ADHD: being male (ORadj = 3.235, 95% CI: 1.698–6.163, p < 0.001), having divorced or separated parents (ORadj = 2.557, 95% CI: 1.360–4.809, p = 0.004), watching television before the age of five (ORadj = 2.106, 95% CI: 1.057–4.196, p = 0.034), and experiencing non-authoritative parenting styles (ORadj = 2.129, 95% CI: 1.146–3.953, p = 0.017).
Family and parenting factors before the age of five play a crucial role in the development of ADHD. Promoting warm and responsive parenting practices, along with reducing early television exposure, may significantly lower the risk of ADHD. These findings can be applied to the development of preventive measures and comprehensive treatment plans to improve outcomes for children with ADHD.
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