RELATED CLINICAL FACTORS TO PRISONERS' DEATH IN CHIANG RAI CENTRAL PRISON
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Medical care for prisoners in prison was a national health policy strategy and implementation priority. The issue of illness and death among prisoners was the main priority that required management and collaboration among relevant agencies to protect public health and enhance the chances of prisoners' successful reintegration into society.
OBJECTIVE: To study 1) Cause of death due to natural disease among prisoners in Chiangrai Central Prison 2) Related clinical factors in prisoners' deaths and 3) the guidelines for developing prisoner's health service system.
METHODS: A retrospective study was conducted with a control group that gathered data from 2016 to 2020 and compiled data from autopsy reports and patient medical records at Chiangrai Prachanukroh Hospital, Chiangrai province. The random sampling method was used for the case, which consisted of 110 prisoners who died of natural disease, and the control group, which consisted of 440 prisoners with natural disease.
RESULTS: The causes of death of prisoners due to natural diseases included 20% of pneumonia, 12.73% of cancer, 11.82% of tuberculosis and HIV disease. The factors associated with prisoner mortality with statistically significant included cancer (OR 173.55, 95%CI: 18.17-1656.90; p=0.001), tuberculosis (OR 7.85, 95%CI: 3.56-17.27; p=0.001), cirrhosis (OR 19.21, 95% CI: 3.24 -113.62; p=0.001), chronic kidney disease (OR 6.66, 95% CI: 2.21 -20.04; p = 0.001), HIV (OR 5.47, 95% CI: 2.18 -13.68; p = 0.001), diabetes (OR 3.74, 95% CI: 1.54 - 9.03; p=0.003), and chronic health disease without ongoing treatment (OR 3.26, 95% CI: 1.23-8.69; p=0.017). Further, the guidelines for developing prisoner's health service system consisted of 5 factors: Healthcare, Unity, Management, Assessment and Necessitate, known as "HUMAN."
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS: The death of prisoners due to natural diseases were caused by health factors, especially in prisoners with comorbidity without ongoing treatment. These findings highlight the need for the health status screening and effective treatment of disease and infectious diseases of prisoners. The natural deaths in prison might be prevented with proper care and treatment, promoting a prison public health and well-being of those in prison.
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
References
Make the SDGs a reality [Internet]. Division for Sustainable Development, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, United Nations [update 2021 Mar 29; cited 2022 May 24] Available from: https://sdgs.un.org.
Inmates Statistics report [Internet]. Nonthaburi: Department of Corrections [cited 2022 May 24] Available from: http://www.correct.go.th/stathomepage.
Watchanasara K, Praphawadee O, Ratchareonkhachon S, Krabuansaeng J, Rodphai B, Karnthai D. Getting sick behind bars: health issues and prison health care. Nakhon Pathom: Insitute for Population and Social Research, Mahidol University; 2018.
Medical Informetic Division Of Chiangrai Prachanukroh Hospital. Patient statistic report 2016 - 2020. Chiangrai Prachanukroh Hospital;2022.
Forensic Medicine Department of Chiangrai Prachanukroh Hospital. Dead cases statistic report 2016 - 2020. Chiangrai: Chiangrai Prachanukroh Hospital;2022.
Ünal V, Özgün Ünal E, Çetinkaya Z, İmalı M, Gürler S, Koç S. Custody and prison deaths autopsied in Istanbul between 2010 and 2012. J Forensic Leg Med. 2016;39:16-21.
Heide S, Chan T. Deaths in police custody. J Forensic Leg Med. 2018;57:109-14.
Bardale R. Dixit P. Natural deaths in custody: a 10- year mortality study. Journal of Indian Academy of. Forensic Medicine 2011; 33 (4):328-31.
Fraser A. 20. Primary health care in prisons. In: Enggist S, Møller L, Galea G, Udesen C, editors. Prisons and Health. Copenhagen: WHO Regional Office for Europe; 2014. p. 173-9.
Fazel S, Benning R. Natural deaths in male prisoners: a 20-year mortality study. Eur J Public Health. 2006;16(4):441-4.
Nwafor CC, Nwafor NN, Eziagu UB, Owobu CI. Retrospective Post Mortem Study of Custodial Deaths in Uyo, South-South, Nigeria. West Afr J Med. 2021;38(7):689-94.
Multifactorial diseases [Internet]. Encyclopedia.com; 2019 [cited 2022 Dec 4]. Available from: https://www.encyclopedia.com/education/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/multifactorial-diseases
Rothman KJ, Greenland S. Causation and causal inference in epidemiology. Am J Public Health. 2005;95 Suppl 1:S144-50.
Kuchewar SV, Bhosle SH, Shrigiriwar MB, Padole TO. Custody-related deaths in Maharashtra state of India - Analysis of autopsies performed at a medical teaching institute during the period 2000-2018. J Forensic Leg Med. 2020;70:101915.
Shaw J, Talbot J, Norman A, Lyon J, Heathcote L, Bernard A, et al. Avoidable natural deaths in prison custody: Putting things right [Internet]. London: The Royal College of Nursing; 2020 [updated September; cited 2022 November 30]. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/344786958_Avoidable_natural_deaths_in_prison_custody_putting_things_right_Independent_Advisory_Panel_on_Deaths_in_Custody_and_The_Royal_College_of_Nursing.
Visser RC. Dying in the margins: A literature review on end of life in English prisons. Religions. 2021;12(6):413.
Penal Reform International. Global prison trends 2021 [Internet]. London: penalreform.org; 2021 [cited 2022 May 26]. Available from: https://www.penalreform.org/global-prison-trends-2021.
Development of public health service system for inmates in prisons (edited edition) 2021 [Internet]. Nonthaburi: Health Administration Division, Office of Permanent Secretary, Ministry of Public Health; 2021 [cited 2022 June 26]. Available from: https://www.moj.go.th/attachments/20220426133648_17921.pdf.1
Prison Public Health Volunteer Training Course, 2020 [Internet]. Nonthaburi: Ministry of Public Health; 2019 [cited 2022 Aug 13]. Available from: https://hss.moph.go.th/fileupload_doc/2019-12-13-1-19-50331521.pdf.
