Prevalence and predicting factors of dementia among Hmong older adults residing in the community
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
This predictive research aimed to study the prevalence and predictive factors of dementia among Hmong older adults residing in community settings. The sample consisted of 543 Hmong older adults aged between 60 and 80 years who lived in communities in Thailand.Multistage random sampling was used in this study. Data were collected using a personal information questionnaire, the Thai Mental State Examination (TMSE), the Thai Geriatric Depression Scale, the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index and the Activities of Daily Living. The Cronbach’s alpha coefficients were .829, .890, .764 and .802 respectively. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistic and stepwise multiple linear regression.
The findings revealed that the prevalence of dementia among Hmong older adults was 85.60%. The factors that affect the dementia among Hmong older adults were age (ß = -.368), depression (ß = -.187), sleep quality (ß = -.149), and body mass index (ß = -.083). These four factors explained 28 % of the variance for dementia (R² =.280 p < .005).
This study highlights that age, depression, sleep quality, and body mass index are significant predictors of dementia. The findings provide important evidence for healthcare providers to should consider the effects of these contributing factors on dementia among Hmong older adults and use it as a basic information for conducting health promotion and preventive programs to reduce the risk of dementia among Hmong older adults living in community.
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Journal of Nursing and Health Science Research attribution-non-commercial 4.0 international (CC BY-NC 4.0). For more detail please visit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ . The ideas and opinions expressed in the Journal of Nursing and Health Science Research are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the editor .
References
Anundilokrit, P. (2021). Dementia. Regional Health Promotion Center 9 Journal, 15(37), 392-398. (in Thai).
Bich, N. N., Dung, N. T .T., Vu, T., Quy, L.T., Tuan, N.A., Binh, N. T. T., Hung, N. T. & Anh, L. V. (2019). Dementia and associated factors among the elderly in Vietnam: a cross-sectional study. International Journal of Mental Health Systems, 13(57).
doi:10.1186/s13033-019-0314-7.
Cantón-Habas, V., Rich-Ruiz, M., Romero-Saldaña, M. & Carrera-González, M. d. P. (2020). Depression as a risk factor for dementia and alzheimer’s disease. Biomedicines, 8(11), 457. doi:10.3390/biomedicines8110457.
Cognitive Rehabilitation Group. (1993). Thai mental state examination (TMSE): a cognitive assessment tool for Thai population. Siriraj Medical Journal, 45(6), 359-374. (in Thai).
Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.). New York: Routledge. doi:10.4324/9780203771587.
Department of Older Persons. (2023). Statistics on older persons, June 2023. Retrived (2025, September 2). from https://www.dop.go.th/th/statistics_side?content=1&sub=2. (in Thai).
Duangchan, C., Yodthong, D. & Pissamorn Dechduang, P. (2020). The prevalence and predicting factors of dementia among older people living in community, Phetchaburi province. Journal of Prachomklao College of Nursing, Phetchaburi Province, 3(2), 133-148. (in Thai).
Elahi, F. M., Wang , M. M. & Meschia, J. F. ( 2023). Cerebral small vessel disease–related dementia: more questions than answers. Stroke, 54, 648–660. doi: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.122.038265
Foundation of Thai Gerontology Research and Development institute. (2021). Situation of the Thai elderly 2020. Nakhon Pathom: Institute for Population and Social Research, Mahidol University. (in Thai).
Engel G. L. (1977). The need for a new medical model: a challenge for biomedicine. Science (New York, N.Y.), 196(4286), 129-136. doi:10.1126/science.847460.
Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Buchner, A., & Lang, A. G. (2009). Statistical power analyses using G*Power 3.1: tests for correlation and regression analyses. Behavior research methods, 41(4), 1149-1160. doi:10.3758/BRM.41.4.1149.
Ford, E., Greenslade, N., Paudyal, P., Bremner, S., Smith, H. E., Banerjee, S., Sadhwani, S., Rooney, P., Oliver, S. & Cassell, J. (2018) Predicting dementia from primary care records: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS ONE, 13(3), e0194735. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0194735.
Hakim, A. (2022). Perspectives on the complex links between depression and dementia. Frontiers in aging neuroscience, 14, 821866. doi:10.3389/fnagi.2022.821866.
Hfocus . (2023). The department of medical services is concerned about the ‘aging society’. It has been found that the number of older people with dementia is increasing every year. Retrieved (2024, December 20). from
https://www.hfocus.org/content/2023/12/29302. (in Thai).
Imarb, C. (2019). Prevalence and associated factors of cognitive impairment among elderly in Watphleng district, Ratchaburi province. Journal of Health Science, 28(5), 782-791. (in Thai).
Jeong, S., Park, J., Han, K., Yoo, J., Yoo, J. E., Lee,C. M., Jung, W., Lee, J., Kim, S. & Shin, W. (2023). Association of changes in smoking intensity with risk of dementia in Korea. JAMA Netw Open, 6(1), e2251506. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.51506
Jia, L. et al. (2020). Prevalence, risk factors, and management of dementia and mild cognitive impairment in adults aged 60 years or older in China: a cross-sectional study. The Lancet. Public health, 5(12), e661–e671. doi:10.1016/S2468-2667(20)30185-7.
Jirapramukpitak, T. & Tanchaiswad, W. (1997). Sleep disturbances among nurses of Songklanagarind Hospital. Journal of the Psychiatric Association of Thailand, 42(3), 123-132.
Jitapunkul, S., Kamolratanakul, P. & Ebrahim, S. (1994). The meaning of activities of daily living in a Thai elderly population: development of a new index. Age and Aging, 23, 97-101. doi:10.1093/ageing/23.2.97.
Kramarow, E. A. (2024). Diagnosed dementia in adults age 65 and older: United States, 2022. National Health Statistics Reports, (203), 1-9.
Kivimäki, M. et al. (2018). Body mass index and risk of dementia: Analysis of individual-level data from 1.3 million individuals. Alzheimer's & Dementia: The Journal of the Alzheimer's Association, 14(5), 601–609. doi:10.1016/j.jalz.2017.09.016.
Lee, J. & Kim, H. J. (2022). Normal aging induces changes in the brain and neurodegeneration
progress: review of the structural, biochemical, metabolic, cellular, and molecular changes. Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience, 14, 931536.
doi.org/10.3389/fnagi.2022.931536.
Limpawatana, P. (2018). Geriatric syndromes and interesting health issues (2nd ed.). Khon Kaen: Khlang Nanawittaya Printing. (in Thai).
Livingston, G. et al. (2024). Dementia prevention, intervention, and care: 2024 report of the Lancet standing Commission. Lancet, 404(10452), 572-628. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(24)01296-0.
Livingston, G. et al. (2017). Dementia prevention, intervention, and care. Lancet, 390(10113), 2673–2734. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(17)31363-6.
Pibanwong, P., Chanthapruek, C., Paengsuk, P., Phinyo, P., Phakwan Talotphong, P. & Hemchanan, N. (2018). A Study of dementia and factors associated with dementia among elderly in North East, Thailand. Journal of Boromarajonani College of Nursing, Surin, 8(2), 46-57. (in Thai).
Prajapati, B., Dunne, M. & Armstrong, R. (2010). Sample size estimation and statistical power analyses. Optometry Today, 16(7), 10-18.
Qu, Y., Hu, H. Y., Ou, Y. N., Shen, X. N., Xu, W., Wang, Z. T., Dong, Q., Tan, L. & Yu, J. T. (2020). Association of body mass index with risk of cognitive impairment and dementia: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies. Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews, 115, 189-198. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.05.012.
Rittichuai, R., Jitmanas, A., Ruksachol, O., Intarapak, W., Khongnual, N. & Tunyarak, H. (2020). Factors associated with dementia among the elderly in Nakhon Si Thammarat. Journal of Southern Technology, 13(56),1-63. (in Thai).
Rodpan, N., Sihapark, S., Kassakorn, L., Peasupun, K. & Phoma, A. (2024). Prevalence and factors associated dementia among the elderly in inpatient department, Namphong district, Khon Kaen province. Regional Health Promotion Center 9 Journal, 18(2), 459-472. (in Thai).
Roongruang, A. & Satayavongthip, B. (2023). Prevalence and factors associated with risks for dementia among elderly in Sungnoen subdistruct municipality, Nakhon Ratchasima province. Regional Health Promotion Center 9 Journal, 17(1), 272-287. (in Thai).
Rattanasuwan, N. (2019). ‘Ethnic and marginalized elderly’ have shorter life expectancies than ‘urban elderly’ due to language barriers and access to public health services. Matichon Daily. 7. Retrieved (2025, September 23). from
https://www.matichon.co.th/local/news_1621335. (in Thai).
Sabia, S., Fayosse, A., Dumurgier, J., Hees, V. T. V., Paquet, C., Sommerlad, A., Kivimäki, M., Dugravot, A. & Singh-Manoux, A. (2021). Association of sleep duration in middle and old age with incidence of dementia. Nature Communications, 12(1), 2289.
doi:10.1038/s41467-021-22354-2.
Sommerlad, A., Ruegger, J., Singh-Manoux, A., Lewis, G. & Livingston, G. (2018). Marriage and risk of dementia: systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry,89, 231-238.
doi:10.1136/jnnp-2017-316274.
Tantanokit, T., Bosittipichet, T. & Leesri, T. (2021). The study of prevalence and associated factors of dementia in the elderly. Siriraj Medical Journal, 73(4), 224-235.
Thongwachira, C., Thophon, S., Kwanyuen, R. & Niputhuttapong, S. (2017). Prevalence, associated factors of dementia among the elderly in the Bangkok urban area : a case study in Bang Phlat district. KKU International Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences, 7(3), 1-21.
Wongpakaran, N., Wongpakaran, T., & Van Reekum, R. (2013). The use of GDS-15 in detecting MDD: a comparison between residents in a Thai long-term care home and geriatric outpatients. Journal of Clinical Medicine Research, 5(2), 101-111.
doi:10.4021/jocmr1239w.
Wongsaree, C. (2017). Effect of dementia on older adult in Thailand. Christian University of Thailand Journal, 23(4), 680-689. (in Thai).
Wutthithanaphokhin, C., Market, K., Boompim, H. & Limphatcharaporn, J. (2023). Prevalence of dementia in Ban Bang Khae social welfare development center for older persons. Journal of Science and Technology Northern, 2(2), 70-80. (in Thai).
World Health Organization (WHO) (2025). Ageing and health. Retrieved (2025, October 1) from https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/ageing-and-health.
Xiong, Y., Tvedt, J., Åkerstedt, T, Cadar, D., & Wang, H. (2024). Impact of sleep duration and sleep disturbances on the incidence of dementia and Alzheimer's disease: a 10-year follow-up study. Psychiatry Research,333,115760.
doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2024.115760.
