The Challenges in the Practice of Directly Observed Therapy in a Local Community
Keywords:
Tuberculosis, DOT, Local CommunityAbstract
Tuberculosis patient adherence to the long course of TB treatment is complex. This review aims to identify strategies for improving the practice of directly observed therapy (DOT) in order to promote patient adherence to TB treatment. Three analytical themes were identified across the studies: allow patients’ participation on the treatment process; empower local health professional to take more responsibilities; and involve and collaborate with the community to decrease stigma. The adherence is influenced by the interaction among the tuberculosis patients, the DOT observers and the local community. The results point towards an empowerment approach for both patients and DOT providers to improve the practice of DOT. However, the results highlight the need for systematic evaluation of the conditions for the research results use in settings where transfer activities occur.
References
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Atkins, S., Biles, D., Lewin, S., Ringsberg, K., & Thorson, A. (2010). Patients’ Experiences of an Intervention to Support Tuberculosis Treatment Adherence in South Africa. Journal of Health Services Research & Policy, 15(3), 163-170. DOI: 10.1258/jhsrp.2010.009111
Atkins, S., Lewin, S., Ringsberg, K. C., & Thorson, A. (2012). Towards an Empowerment Approach in Tuberculosis Treatment in Cape Town, South Africa: a Qualitative Analysis of Programmatic Change. Global Health Action, 5, 14385. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.3402/gha.v5i0.14385.
Behzadifar, M., Mirzaei, M., Behzadifar, M., Keshavarzi, A., Behzadifar, M., & Saran, M. (2015). Patients’ Experience of Tuberculosis Treatment Using Directly Observed Treatment, Short-Course (DOTS): A Qualitative Study. Iranian Red Crescent Medical Journal, 17(4), 1-6. DOI: 10.5812/ircmj
Cavalcante, S. C., Soares, E. C. C., Pacheco, A. G. F., Chaisson, R. E., & Durovni, B. (2007). Community DOT for Tuberculosis in a Brazilian Favela: Comparison with a Clinic Model. International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease, 11(5), 544-549.
Courtwright, A., & Turner, A. N. (2010). Tuberculosis and Stigmatisation: Pathways and Interventions. Public Health Report, 125(4), 34-42.
Escott, S., & Walley, J. (2005). Listening to Those on the Frontline: Lessons for Community-Based Tuberculosis Programmes from a Qualitative Study in Swaziland. Social Science & medicine, 61(8), 1701-1710.
Frieden, T. R., & Sbarbaro, J. A. (2007). Promoting Adherence to Treatment for Tuberculosis: the Importance of Direct Observation. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 85(5), 325-420. Retrieved from: https://www.who.int/bulletin/volumes/85/5/06-038927/en/.
Haglund, Bo. J. A., Pettersson, B., Finer, D., & Tillgren, P. (1996). Creating Supportive Environments for Health: Stories from the Third International Conference on Health Promotion, Sundsvall, Sweden. Geneva: World Health Organization.
Hane, F., Thiam, S., Fall, A. S., Vidal, L., Diop, A. H., Ndir, M., & Lienhardt, C. (2007). Identifying Barriers to Effective Tuberculosis Control in Senegal: an Anthropological Approach. International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease, 11(5), 539-543.
Hoa, N. P., Diwan, V. K., Co, N. V., & Thorson, A. E. (2004). Knowledge about Tuberculosis and its Treatment among New Pulmonary TB Patients in the North and Central Regions of Vietnam. International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease, 8, 603-608.
Lertmaharit, S., Kamol-Ratankul, P., Sawert, H., Jittimanee, S., & Wangmanee, S. (2005). Factors Associated with Compliance among Tuberculosis Patients in Thailand. Journal of the Medical Association of Thailand, 88, S149-156.
Lewis, C. P., & Newel, J. N. (2009). Improving Tuberculosis Care in Low Income Countries–a Qualitative Study of Patients’ Understanding of Patient Support in Nepal. Biomed Central Public Health, 9, 190, 1-8. doi: 10.1186/ 1471-2458-9-190.
Macq, J., Torfoss, T., & Getahun, H. (2007). Patient Empowerment in Tuberculosis Control: Reflecting on Past Documented Experiences. Tropical Medicine & International Health, 12(7), 873–885.
Macq, J., Solis, A., Martinez, G., & Martiny., P. (2008). Tackling Tuberculosis Patients’ Internalized Social Stigma Through Patient-Centred Care: an Intervention Study in Rural Nicaragua. BioMed Central Public Health, 8, 154. DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-8-154
Mateus-Solarte, J. C., & Carvajal-Barona, R. (2008). Factors Predictive of Adherence to Tuberculosis Treatment, Valle Del Cauca, Colombia. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 12(5), 520-526.
Mishra, P., Hansen, E. H., Sabroe, S., & Kafle, K. K. (2006). Adherence is Associated with the Quality of Professional-Patient Interaction in Directly Observed Treatment Short-course, DOTS. Patient Education and Counseling, 63, 29-37.
Munro, S. A., Lewin, S. A., Smith, H. J., Engel, M. E., Fretheim, A., & Volmink J. (2007). Patient Adherence to Tuberculosis Treatment: A Systematic Review of Qualitative Research. PLoS Medicine, 4(7), 1230-1245.
Munro, S., Lewin, S., Swart, T., & Volmick, J. (2007). A Review of Health Behaviour Theories: How Useful are These for Developing Interventions to Promote Long-Term Medication Adherence for TB and HIV/AIDS?. Biomed Central Public Health, 7, 104.
Okanurak, K., Kitayaporn, D., Wanarangsikul, W., & Koompong, C. (2007). Effectiveness of DOT for Tuberculosis Treatment Outcomes: a Prospective Cohort Study in Bangkok, Thailand. International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease, 11(7), 762–768.
Pungrassami, P., Kipp, A. M., Stewart, P. W., Chongsuvivatwong V., Strauss R. P., & Rie, A. V. (2010). Tuberculosis and AIDS Stigma among Patients Who Delay Seeking Care for Tuberculosis Symptoms. International Journal Tuberculosis and Lung Disease, 14(2),181-187.
Rakwong, N., Sillabutra, J., & Keiwkarnka, B. (2010). Performance Village Health Volunteers on Tuberculosis Prevention in Mahachanachai District, Yasothon Province, Thailand. Journal of Public Health and Development, 3, 252-264.
Sagbakken, M., Bjune, G. A., & Frich, J. C. (2011). Humiliation or Care? A Qualitative Study of Patients’ and Health Professionals’ Experiences with Tuberculosis Treatment in Norway. Scandinavian Journal of Caring Sciences, 313-323.
Shiotania, R., & Henninka, M. (2014). Socio-Cultural Influences on Adherence to Tuberculosis Treatment in Rural India. Global Public Health: An International Journal for Research, Policy and Practice. doi: 10.1080/17441692.2014.953562.
Suwankeeree, W., & Picheansathian, W. (2014). Strategies to Promote Adherence to Treatment by Pulmonary Tuberculosis Patients: a Systematic Review. International Journal of Evidence-Based Healthcare, 12(1), 3-16. DOI: 10.1097/01.XEB.0000444614.17658.46
Tao, T., Zhao, Q., Jiang, S., Ma, L., Wan, L., & Ma, Y. (2013) Motivating Health Workers for the Provision of Directly Observed Treatment to TB Patients in Rural China: Does Cash Incentive Work? A Qualitative Study. International Journal of Health Planning and Management, 28, e310-e324. DOI: 10.1002/hpm.2175
Tengland, P. A. (2008). Empowerment: A Conceptual Discussion. Health Care Analysis, 16, 77-96. doi 10.1007/s10728-007-0067-3.
Thiam, S., LeFevre, A. M., Hane, F., Ndiaye, A., Ba, F., Fielding, K. L., et al. (2007). Effectiveness of a Strategy to Improve Adherence to Tuberculosis Treatment in a Resource-Poor SettingA Cluster Randomized Controlled Trial. Journal of the American Medical Association, 297(4), 380–386. doi:10.1001/jama.297.4.380.
Tschirhart, N., Nosten, F., & Foster, A. M. (2016). Access to Free or Low- Cost Tuberculosis Treatment for Migrants and Refugees Along the Thailand-Myanmar Border in Tak Province, Thailand. International Journal for Equity in Health, 15:100. doi. 10.1186/s12939-016-0391-z.
Wandwalo, E., Makundi, E., Hasler, T., & Morkve, O. (2006). Acceptability of Community and Health Facility-Based Directly Observed Treatment of Tuberculosis in a Tanzanian Urban Setting. Health Policy, 78, 284-294.
Wright, C. M., Westerkamp, L., Korver, S., & Dobler, C. C. (2015). Community-Based Directly Observed Therapy (DOT) Versus Clinic DOT for Tuberculosis: a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Comparative Effectiveness. BioMed Central Infectious Diseases 15, 210. DOI: 10.1186/s12879-015-0945-5
Yasin, Y., & Karabey, S. (2016). Disconnecting the DOTS: Misconceptions about the Therapeutic Paradigm of Tuberculosis Patients at Family Healthcare Centres in Istanbul. Journal of Public Health, 24, 141–146. doi: 10.1007/s10389-016-0708-9.
Zhang, H. Y., Ehiri, J., Yang, H., Tang, S., & Li, Y. (2016). Impact of Community-Based DOT on Tuberculosis Treatment Outcomes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. PLOS ONE, 5, 1-19. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0147744
Zvavamwe, Z., & Ehlers, V. J. (2009). Experiences of a Community-Based Tuberculosis Treatment Programme in Namibia: a Comparative Cohort study. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 46, 302-309.
Arcêncio, R. A., Oliveira, M. F., Cardozo-Gonzales, R. I., Ruffino-Netto, A., Pinto, I. C., & Villa, T. C. (2008). City Tuberculosis Control Coordinators´ Perspectives of Patient Adherence to DOT in São Paulo State, Brazil, 2005. International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease, 12(5), 527-531.
Atkins, S., Biles, D., Lewin, S., Ringsberg, K., & Thorson, A. (2010). Patients’ Experiences of an Intervention to Support Tuberculosis Treatment Adherence in South Africa. Journal of Health Services Research & Policy, 15(3), 163-170. DOI: 10.1258/jhsrp.2010.009111
Atkins, S., Lewin, S., Ringsberg, K. C., & Thorson, A. (2012). Towards an Empowerment Approach in Tuberculosis Treatment in Cape Town, South Africa: a Qualitative Analysis of Programmatic Change. Global Health Action, 5, 14385. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.3402/gha.v5i0.14385.
Behzadifar, M., Mirzaei, M., Behzadifar, M., Keshavarzi, A., Behzadifar, M., & Saran, M. (2015). Patients’ Experience of Tuberculosis Treatment Using Directly Observed Treatment, Short-Course (DOTS): A Qualitative Study. Iranian Red Crescent Medical Journal, 17(4), 1-6. DOI: 10.5812/ircmj
Cavalcante, S. C., Soares, E. C. C., Pacheco, A. G. F., Chaisson, R. E., & Durovni, B. (2007). Community DOT for Tuberculosis in a Brazilian Favela: Comparison with a Clinic Model. International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease, 11(5), 544-549.
Courtwright, A., & Turner, A. N. (2010). Tuberculosis and Stigmatisation: Pathways and Interventions. Public Health Report, 125(4), 34-42.
Escott, S., & Walley, J. (2005). Listening to Those on the Frontline: Lessons for Community-Based Tuberculosis Programmes from a Qualitative Study in Swaziland. Social Science & medicine, 61(8), 1701-1710.
Frieden, T. R., & Sbarbaro, J. A. (2007). Promoting Adherence to Treatment for Tuberculosis: the Importance of Direct Observation. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 85(5), 325-420. Retrieved from: https://www.who.int/bulletin/volumes/85/5/06-038927/en/.
Haglund, Bo. J. A., Pettersson, B., Finer, D., & Tillgren, P. (1996). Creating Supportive Environments for Health: Stories from the Third International Conference on Health Promotion, Sundsvall, Sweden. Geneva: World Health Organization.
Hane, F., Thiam, S., Fall, A. S., Vidal, L., Diop, A. H., Ndir, M., & Lienhardt, C. (2007). Identifying Barriers to Effective Tuberculosis Control in Senegal: an Anthropological Approach. International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease, 11(5), 539-543.
Hoa, N. P., Diwan, V. K., Co, N. V., & Thorson, A. E. (2004). Knowledge about Tuberculosis and its Treatment among New Pulmonary TB Patients in the North and Central Regions of Vietnam. International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease, 8, 603-608.
Lertmaharit, S., Kamol-Ratankul, P., Sawert, H., Jittimanee, S., & Wangmanee, S. (2005). Factors Associated with Compliance among Tuberculosis Patients in Thailand. Journal of the Medical Association of Thailand, 88, S149-156.
Lewis, C. P., & Newel, J. N. (2009). Improving Tuberculosis Care in Low Income Countries–a Qualitative Study of Patients’ Understanding of Patient Support in Nepal. Biomed Central Public Health, 9, 190, 1-8. doi: 10.1186/ 1471-2458-9-190.
Macq, J., Torfoss, T., & Getahun, H. (2007). Patient Empowerment in Tuberculosis Control: Reflecting on Past Documented Experiences. Tropical Medicine & International Health, 12(7), 873–885.
Macq, J., Solis, A., Martinez, G., & Martiny., P. (2008). Tackling Tuberculosis Patients’ Internalized Social Stigma Through Patient-Centred Care: an Intervention Study in Rural Nicaragua. BioMed Central Public Health, 8, 154. DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-8-154
Mateus-Solarte, J. C., & Carvajal-Barona, R. (2008). Factors Predictive of Adherence to Tuberculosis Treatment, Valle Del Cauca, Colombia. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 12(5), 520-526.
Mishra, P., Hansen, E. H., Sabroe, S., & Kafle, K. K. (2006). Adherence is Associated with the Quality of Professional-Patient Interaction in Directly Observed Treatment Short-course, DOTS. Patient Education and Counseling, 63, 29-37.
Munro, S. A., Lewin, S. A., Smith, H. J., Engel, M. E., Fretheim, A., & Volmink J. (2007). Patient Adherence to Tuberculosis Treatment: A Systematic Review of Qualitative Research. PLoS Medicine, 4(7), 1230-1245.
Munro, S., Lewin, S., Swart, T., & Volmick, J. (2007). A Review of Health Behaviour Theories: How Useful are These for Developing Interventions to Promote Long-Term Medication Adherence for TB and HIV/AIDS?. Biomed Central Public Health, 7, 104.
Okanurak, K., Kitayaporn, D., Wanarangsikul, W., & Koompong, C. (2007). Effectiveness of DOT for Tuberculosis Treatment Outcomes: a Prospective Cohort Study in Bangkok, Thailand. International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease, 11(7), 762–768.
Pungrassami, P., Kipp, A. M., Stewart, P. W., Chongsuvivatwong V., Strauss R. P., & Rie, A. V. (2010). Tuberculosis and AIDS Stigma among Patients Who Delay Seeking Care for Tuberculosis Symptoms. International Journal Tuberculosis and Lung Disease, 14(2),181-187.
Rakwong, N., Sillabutra, J., & Keiwkarnka, B. (2010). Performance Village Health Volunteers on Tuberculosis Prevention in Mahachanachai District, Yasothon Province, Thailand. Journal of Public Health and Development, 3, 252-264.
Sagbakken, M., Bjune, G. A., & Frich, J. C. (2011). Humiliation or Care? A Qualitative Study of Patients’ and Health Professionals’ Experiences with Tuberculosis Treatment in Norway. Scandinavian Journal of Caring Sciences, 313-323.
Shiotania, R., & Henninka, M. (2014). Socio-Cultural Influences on Adherence to Tuberculosis Treatment in Rural India. Global Public Health: An International Journal for Research, Policy and Practice. doi: 10.1080/17441692.2014.953562.
Suwankeeree, W., & Picheansathian, W. (2014). Strategies to Promote Adherence to Treatment by Pulmonary Tuberculosis Patients: a Systematic Review. International Journal of Evidence-Based Healthcare, 12(1), 3-16. DOI: 10.1097/01.XEB.0000444614.17658.46
Tao, T., Zhao, Q., Jiang, S., Ma, L., Wan, L., & Ma, Y. (2013) Motivating Health Workers for the Provision of Directly Observed Treatment to TB Patients in Rural China: Does Cash Incentive Work? A Qualitative Study. International Journal of Health Planning and Management, 28, e310-e324. DOI: 10.1002/hpm.2175
Tengland, P. A. (2008). Empowerment: A Conceptual Discussion. Health Care Analysis, 16, 77-96. doi 10.1007/s10728-007-0067-3.
Thiam, S., LeFevre, A. M., Hane, F., Ndiaye, A., Ba, F., Fielding, K. L., et al. (2007). Effectiveness of a Strategy to Improve Adherence to Tuberculosis Treatment in a Resource-Poor SettingA Cluster Randomized Controlled Trial. Journal of the American Medical Association, 297(4), 380–386. doi:10.1001/jama.297.4.380.
Tschirhart, N., Nosten, F., & Foster, A. M. (2016). Access to Free or Low- Cost Tuberculosis Treatment for Migrants and Refugees Along the Thailand-Myanmar Border in Tak Province, Thailand. International Journal for Equity in Health, 15:100. doi. 10.1186/s12939-016-0391-z.
Wandwalo, E., Makundi, E., Hasler, T., & Morkve, O. (2006). Acceptability of Community and Health Facility-Based Directly Observed Treatment of Tuberculosis in a Tanzanian Urban Setting. Health Policy, 78, 284-294.
Wright, C. M., Westerkamp, L., Korver, S., & Dobler, C. C. (2015). Community-Based Directly Observed Therapy (DOT) Versus Clinic DOT for Tuberculosis: a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Comparative Effectiveness. BioMed Central Infectious Diseases 15, 210. DOI: 10.1186/s12879-015-0945-5
Yasin, Y., & Karabey, S. (2016). Disconnecting the DOTS: Misconceptions about the Therapeutic Paradigm of Tuberculosis Patients at Family Healthcare Centres in Istanbul. Journal of Public Health, 24, 141–146. doi: 10.1007/s10389-016-0708-9.
Zhang, H. Y., Ehiri, J., Yang, H., Tang, S., & Li, Y. (2016). Impact of Community-Based DOT on Tuberculosis Treatment Outcomes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. PLOS ONE, 5, 1-19. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0147744
Zvavamwe, Z., & Ehlers, V. J. (2009). Experiences of a Community-Based Tuberculosis Treatment Programme in Namibia: a Comparative Cohort study. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 46, 302-309.
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2019-09-11
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