ลิกนิน: โครงสร้าง คุณสมบัติ และการประยุกต์ใช้เพื่อสิ่งแวดล้อม
คำสำคัญ:
ลิกนิน, พอลิเมอร์ชีวภาพ, การบำบัดมลพิษ, วัสดุชีวภาพ, อนุภาคนาโนลิกนินบทคัดย่อ
ลิกนินเป็นพอลิเมอร์ชีวภาพ (biopolymer) ที่พบในผนังเซลล์พืช ลิกนินมีโครงสร้างที่ซับซ้อนและมีกลุ่มฟังก์ชันที่หลากหลาย ซึ่งส่งให้คุณสมบัติของลิกนินมีความโดดเด่นและสามารถทำปฏิกิริยากับสารเคมีได้หลายชนิด ลิกนินจึงถูกนำมาใช้เป็นวัตถุดิบทางเลือกสำหรับแก้ไขปัญหาสิ่งแวดล้อมและการขาดแคลนทรัพยากรธรรมชาติ โดยเฉพาะอย่างยิ่งการใช้ลิกนินในการกำจัดสารมลพิษที่ปนเปื้อนในน้ำและดิน ลิกนินได้รับการพัฒนาเป็นถ่านกัมมันต์สำหรับดูดซับก๊าซเรือนกระจกที่เป็นสาเหตุของปัญหาโลกร้อน ลิกนินถูกใช้เป็นวัตถุดิบในการผลิตเป็นวัสดุทางการแพทย์และวัสดุที่เป็นมิตรต่อสิ่งแวดล้อม เช่น สารต้านเชื้อแบคทีเรียและเชื้อรา แคปซูลสำหรับบรรจุยา และพลาสติกชีวภาพ นอกจากนี้การประเมินวัฏจักรชีวิตของผลิตภัณฑ์ที่ผลิตจากลิกนินแสดงให้เห็นว่า การปลดปล่อยก๊าซเรือนกระจกลดลง สำหรับความเป็นไปได้ทางเศรษฐศาสตร์ของการใช้ลิกนินเป็นวัสดุทดแทน พบว่า มีแนวโน้มต้นทุนการผลิตจะสูงขึ้นมากกว่าการใช้วัสดุแบบเดิม เนื่องมาจากข้อจำกัดเกี่ยวกับเทคโนโลยีการผลิตและความเข้าใจในโครงสร้างและลักษณะทางสัณฐานวิทยาของลิกนิน อย่างไรก็ตามทั่วโลกจะให้ความสนใจลิกนินมากขึ้น แต่การใช้งานในปัจจุบันเน้นไปที่การผลิตพลังงานผ่านการเผาไหม้เป็นหลัก ดังนั้นความท้าทายหลักจึงอยู่ที่การปรับปรุงคุณสมบัติเชิงโครงสร้างของลิกนินให้เหมาะสมและเพิ่มคุณภาพควบคู่ไปกับการพัฒนาวิธีการสกัดที่เป็นมิตรต่อสิ่งแวดล้อมเพื่อรองรับการนำไปใช้ในอุตสาหกรรม การพัฒนาการใช้ลิกนินในลักษณะดังกล่าวสามารถช่วยอนุรักษ์ทรัพยากรธรรมชาติและลดผลกระทบต่อสิ่งแวดล้อมในระยะยาวได้อย่างมาก
เอกสารอ้างอิง
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