Influence of Cigarette Smoking on Blood Cell Subpopulations, Plasma Proteins, Cytokines, and Chemokines in Adult Healthy Individuals
Keywords:
Cigarette smoking, Blood cells, Plasma proteins, Cytokines, ChemokinesAbstract
Cigarette smoke contains various toxic, carcinogenic and addictive substances. Cigarette smoking is an unhealthy lifestyle with increasing risks for cancer and various diseases. We investigated the influence of cigarette smoking on systemic immunological biomarkers in adult healthy individuals. Three hundred fifty-seven adult healthy participants, consisting of 135 cigarette smokers (smokers) and 222 who never have been smoking (non-smokers), were included for this investigation. Rapid and low-cost blood-based biomarkers were analyzed. Abnormal test results of platelets, total white blood cells and its subpopulations and reticulocytes were found in the smoker participants. Alterations of plasma proteins (CRP and PDGF), cytokines (IL-2, IL-6, IFN-g, and TNF-α) and chemokines (MCP-1, MIP-1β and RANTES) was found. No influence on levels of these plasma biomarkers was observed when comparing neither female and male smokers nor young (< 50 years) smokers and non-smokers Additive Influence of age and smoking on these blood-based biomarkers was detected in the older (≥ 50 years) smokers. Gender and aging have a marginal influence on some systemic blood cell and plasma immune response biomarkers of healthy individuals, including platelets, total white blood cells, IL-6, PDGF, and TNF-α. Cigarette smoking dysregulated systemic immunological response in adult healthy individuals, and an apparent increase was observed in old age smokers. Our investigation suggested that the rapid and low-cost blood-based biomarkers might be suitable for monitoring host immunological status in clinical studies of smokers, cigarette smoking-associated diseases and motivate adult healthy smokers or smoking patients to quit smoking.
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