International approaches to psychological first aid toward application in the Thai social context: a scoping review
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.64838/jmht.2026.286390Keywords:
acute stress, crisis situations, mental health, psychological first aid, social capitalAbstract
Objective: To review international psychological first aid (PFA) approaches and synthesize a common framework integrated with social, cultural, and mental health system contexts of Thailand.
Methods: A scoping review was conducted using ThaiJO, Google Scholar, PsycINFO, and PubMed databases. Literature related to international PFA guidelines published between 2005 and 2025 was selected according to predefined criteria. Data were analyzed using content analysis through thematic categorization and synthesis of common themes to develop a process-oriented framework.
Results: Of 502 identified documents, five international PFA guidelines were included and analyzed. Five common components were identified, including safety and calming, engagement and listening, needs assessment, linkage to support systems, and medium- to long-term recovery. Some guidelines additionally emphasized the promotion of hope and self-efficacy during the recovery phase. Based on these findings, the PASS Model was developed, comprising four sequential steps: Preparation, Assessment, Support, and Strengthen. The model integrates the Mental Health Crisis Assessment and Treatment Team (MCATT) system, community social capital characterized by mutual support and generosity, and the Thai cultural value of consideration for others (Kreng Jai).
Conclusion: The PASS Model is a conceptual framework synthesized from international PFA approaches and adapted to the sociocultural context of Thailand. It may serve as a preliminary guideline for supporting individuals affected by crisis situations. However, further empirical research is needed to evaluate its effectiveness in real-world settings.
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