Efficacy of vitamin D supplementation in patients diagnosed with major depressive disorder and vitamin D insufficiency or deficiency: an open-lebel study
Keywords:
major depressive disorder, residual symptoms, vitamin DAbstract
Objective: To study the efficacy of vitamin D supplementation in patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) who had residual symptoms and vitamin D insufficiency or deficiency.
Methods: Patients with MDD aged 18 - 60 years were recruited from June to September 2021. Serum total 25-hydroxyvitamin D (total vitamin D) was assessed before and after 8 weeks of vitamin D2 supplementation without other medication adjustment. The dose of vitamin D2 ranged from 20,000 to 60,000 IU per week. The Hamilton rating scale for depression (HAM-D17) and the patient health questionnaire (PHQ-9) were assessed at baseline and 8 weeks after treatment. The adverse effects of vitamin D and calcium level were recorded. Data were analyzed by using descriptive statistics. The multiple linear regression was used to investigate factors associated with post-treatment total vitamin D.
Results: Of 49 participants, 34 were female, 32 (65.3%) had single episode and 17 (34.7%) had recurrent episode. The average mean duration of illness was 2.94 years. At baseline, Vitamin D deficiency, insufficiency and sufficiency were found among 67.3%, 24.5% and 8.2% of participants, respectively. The mean scores of PHQ-9 and HAM-D17 were 7.29 and 10.41, respectively. Of 40 participants (81.6%) who completed the study, 21 (52.5%) achieved remission (HAM-D17 < 7). The mean depression severity scores decreased significantly, with post-treatment PHQ-9 and HAM-D17 scores of 1.88 and 7.85, respectively. Post-treatment vitamin D deficiency, insufficiency and sufficiency were found in 32.5%, 30.0% and 37.5% of participants, respectively. There was no adverse effect of vitamin D2 treatment and average calcium level was in normal range. The MLR model did not reveal significant relationship.
Conclusion: Nearly all (91.8%) patients with residual depressive symptoms had lower vitamin D level. After 8 weeks of vitamin D2 supplementation, 52.5% of participants achieved remission and 37.5% had normal vitamin D level.
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