Antimicrobial Activity and Toxicity of the Ethanolic Extracts from Garcinia xanthochymus
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
Rational and Objective: Egg tree, or Garcinia xanthochymus Hook.f. ex T.Anderson (Madaluang in Thai), is a fruit tree distributed widely in Southeast Asian countries as well as China and India. The ripe fruit is edible and has a sweet and sour taste. This plant has been reported to have a wide range of pharmacological activities. However, the use and consumption of G. xanthochymus are still limited in Thailand. This study aimed to examine antimicrobial activity and evaluate toxicity of the ethanolic extracts obtained from the leaves, ripe fruits, and seeds of G. xanthochymus.
Methodology: Antimicrobial activity testing was performed by the broth microdilution method. The extracts were evaluated for cytotoxicity in human skin keratinocytes (HaCaT cell line) using the MTT assay and brine shrimp toxicity.
Results: The results showed that all three extracts exhibited antimicrobial activity against various pathogenic microorganisms. The fruit and seed extracts of G. xanthochymus showed antibacterial activity against cariogenic bacteria, skin commensal bacteria, and vaginal pathogenic bacteria at minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of 25-200 µg/mL. The cytotoxicity assay revealed that the fruit and seed extracts exhibited cytotoxic effects on HaCaT cells with IC50 values of >100 and 91.25 µg/mL, respectively. In addition, the fruit extract showed no toxicity to brine shrimps, whereas the seed extract was mildly toxic.
Discussion: The fruit and seed extracts of G. xanthochymus exhibited remarkable antibacterial activity, especially against skin commensal bacteria. The results support the ethnobotanical uses of this plant in India for the treatment of skin diseases and wound healing.
Conclusion and Suggestion: The findings suggest that G. xanthochymus has the potential to be utilized for consumption and development of health care products.
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
References
Smitinand T. Thai Plant Names. 2nd ed (Revised Edition). Bangkok: Prachachon Ltd.; 2001. (in Thai)
Gardner S, Sidisunthorn P, Chayamarit K, Utteridge T. Forest Trees of Southern Thailand. Bangkok: Kobfai Publishing Project.; 2015.
Hooker JD. Flora of British India. Kent: L. Reeve & Co. LTD.; 1875.
Xiwen L, Jie L. Stevens PF. 8. GARCINIA Linnaeus, Sp. P1. 1: 443. 1753. Flora of China 13. [Internet]. 2007 [cited 2023 June 30]; [9 pages]. Available from: http://flora.huh. harvard. edu/china/PDF/PDF13 /Garcinia.pdf
Murmu P, Kumar S, Patra JK, Singh NR, Rath SK. Ethnobotanical, nutritional, phytochemical and antimicrobial studies of Garcinia xanthochymus fruit extracts. Br Biotechnol J. 2016;13(2):1-11, Article no.BBJ.25244
Prakash J, Sallaram S, Martin A, Veeranna RP, Peddha MS. Phytochemical and functional characterization of different part of the Garcinia xanthochymus fruit. ACS Omega 2022;7:21172-82.
A) PaL SC, Nirmal SA, Borhade PS, Pawae C, Kshirsagar S, Atpade S. Antiinflammatory activity of various extracts of leaves of Garcinia xanthochymus. Indian J Pharm Sci. 2005;67(3):394-5.
Zhong FF, Chen Y, Yang GZ. Chemical constituents from the bark of Garcinia xanthochymus and their 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical -scavenging activities. Helv Chim Acta. 2008;91(9):1695-403.
Chen Y, Fan H, Yang GZ, Jiang Y, Zhong FF, He HW. Prenylated xanthones from the bark of Garcinia xanthochymus and their 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical -scavenging activities. Molecules. 2010;15(10):7438-49.
Baggett S, Protiva P, Mazzola EP, Yang H, Ressler ET, Basile MJ, et al. Bioactive benzophenones from Garcinia xanthochymus Fruits. J Nat Prod. 2005;68(3):354-60.
Payamalle S, Joseph KS, Bijjaragi SC, Aware C, Jadhav JP, Murthy HN. Anti -diabetic activity of Garcinia xanthochymus seeds. Comp Clin Pathol. 2017;26:437-46.
Manohar SH, Naik PM, Patil LM, Karikatti SI, Murthy HN. Chemical composition of Garcinia xanthochymus seeds, seed oil, and evaluation of its antimicrobial and antioxidant activity. J Herbs Spices Med. 2014;20(2):148-55.
Lyles JT, Negrin A, Khan S, He K, Kennelly EJ. Invitro antiplasmodial activity of benzophenones and xanthones from edible fruits of Garcinia species. Planta Med. 2014;80(8-9):676-81.
European committee for antimicrobial susceptibility testing of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases. Determination of minimum inhibitory concentration (MICs) of antibacterial agents by broth dilution. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2003;9(8):1-7.
Caviedes L, Delgado J, Gilman RH. Tetrazolium microplate assay as a rapid and inexpensive colorimetric method for determination of antibiotic susceptibility of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. J clin Microbiol. 2002;40(5):1873-4.
The Clinical and Laboratory Standard Institute. Reference method for broth dilution antifungal susceptibility testing of yeasts fungi; approved standard. 2ndedition: CLSI Document M27-A2; 2002. 31 p
The Clinical and Laboratory Standard Institute. Reference method for broth dilution antifungal susceptibility testing of filamentous fungi; approved standard. 2ndedition: CLSI Document M38-A2; 2008. 13 p
Riss TL, Moravec RA, Niles AL, Duellman S, Benink HA, Worzella TJ, et al. Cell viability. The Assay Guide Manual [Internet]. 2016 July 1 [cited 2021 October 21]; [25 pages]. Available from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK144065/pdf/Bookshelf_NBK144065.pdf
Hamidi MR, Jovanova B, Panovska TK. Toxicological evaluation of the plant products using Brine Shrimp (Artemia salina L.) model. Maced Pharm Bull. 2014;60(1):9-18.
Muzny CA, Laniewski P, Schwebke JR, Herbst-Kralovetz MM. Host-vaginal microbiota interactions in the pathogenesis of bacterial vaginosis. Curr Opin Infect Dis. 2020;33(1):59-65.
Bash MC, Connelly M, Marrazzo J, Bloom A. Epidemiology and pathogenesis of Neisseria gonorrhoeae infection. [Internet]. Jun 2023 [cited 2023 July 18]; [1 page]. Available from: https://www. uptodate.com/contents/epidemiology-and-pathogenesis-of-neisseria-gonorrhoeae-infection#H21428802
Chee WJY, Chew SY, Than LTL. Vaginal microbiota and the potential of Lactobacillus derivatives in maintaining vaginal health. Micorb Cell Fact. 2020;19:203. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12934-020-01464-4
Garle MJ, Fentem JH, Fry JR. In vitro cytotoxicity test for the prediction of acute toxicity in vivo. Toxic. In Vitro. 1994;8(6):1302-12.
Riddell RJ, Panacer DS, Wilde SM, Clothier RH, Balls M. The importance of exposure period and cell type in in vitro cytotoxicity test. Altern Lab Anim. 1986;14(2):86-92.
Parra AL, Yhebra SY, Sardinas GI, Buela LI Comparative study of the assay of Artemia salina L. and the estimate of the medium lethal dose (LD50 value) in mice, to determine oral acute toxicity of plant extraxts. Phytomed. 2001;8(5):395-400.
Meyer BN, Ferrigni NR, Putnam JE, Jacobsen DE, Nichols DE, McLaughlin JL. Brine shrimp: a convenient general bioassay for active plant constituents. Plant Medica. 1982;45(5):31-4.
Deciga-Campos M, Rivero-CruZ I, Arriaga-Alba M, Castaneda-Corral G, Angeles-Lopez GE, Navarrete A, et al. Acute toxicity and mutagenic activity of Mexican plants used in traditional medicine. J Ethnopharmacol. 2007;110(2):334-42.
Moshi MJ, Innocent E, Magadula JJ, Otieno DF, Weisheit PK, Mbabazi PK, et al. Brine shrimp toxicity of some plants used as traditional medicines in Kagera Region, north western Tanzania. Tanzan J Health Res. 2010;12;1.