Journal of Thai Traditional and Alternative Medicine

Editor's Note

2025-04-30T09:40:44+07:00

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Monograph of Select Thai Material Medica: DOK CHAN and LUK CHAN

2025-04-30T09:42:35+07:00

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Dictionary of Traditional Chinese Medicine Volume 2 (Chinese-Thai-English) (20)

2025-04-30T09:50:49+07:00

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Myristica fragrans Houtt.

2025-04-30T09:55:47+07:00

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Editorial Board

2025-04-30T09:33:14+07:00

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Chemical Marker for Medicinal Plant Quality Control

2024-10-09T09:31:00+07:00

Introduction and Objective: Chemical marker is an important factor for quality control of medicinal plants. The aim of this article was to described the problem related with chemical marker in quality control, definition, characteristic, classification and application of plant chemical markers.

Methods: Relevant articles were reviewed, analyzed, concluded.

Results: Chemical marker could be classified into various types which various definitions. The compound which is responsible for treatment of the disease is the best chemical marker for quality control. However, it could not be used in all case, other compound was applied. Chemical marker was used in qualitative and quantitative analysis. The selection of chemical marker should be based on the purpose of analysis.

Discussion: Chemical marker for medicinal plant is one of the limitations of medicinal plant quality control. Since there are a few commercial-available of plant chemical markers. Most of them must be imported which time consuming and cost increasing. Some medicinal plants have unknown active compound.

Conclusion and Recommendation: This article has reviewed form books and academic articles, and then made conclusion about chemical marker for medicinal plant quality control. It will be useful for entrepreneur, analysts, researchers and other interested in medicinal plant. It could be applied to quality control of medicinal plants and products.

Policy and Ethics

2025-04-30T09:37:23+07:00

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Safety Study of Thai Traditional Cannabis-Infused Medicinal Preparations : A Retrospective Study from Medical Records

2024-11-18T16:08:11+07:00

Rationale and Objective: From “Cannabis” which is considered a type of narcotic that is prohibited from being used for various purposes, it has been changed and legal regulations have been revised and it has begun to be reviewed for its re-importation for various benefits, especially medical purposes. This led to significant interest and controversy in society, between those opposing and those interested in using cannabis for various benefits such as medical treatment, culinary purposes, business promotion, and recreational use. Despite cannabis being an ancient herbal remedy, inadequate dissemination of information regarding its adverse effects or warnings has led to some groups misunderstanding its use, resulting in more harm than benefit. Udon Thani Hospital serves as a leading institution with a medical cannabis clinic to accommodate the demand for consultation and proper cannabis use. All patients undergo preliminary health screening and must have normal liver function test(AST, ALT) and renal function test(GFR, BUN, Creatinine) before receiving medical cannabis. There is also a monitoring system, but there are no established guidelines for monitoring liver and renal function test after medical cannabis use, prompting researchers to study and monitor changes in liver and renal function test after the use of medical cannabis according to Thai traditional medical cannabis. To study the changes in liver and renal function test after receiving Thai traditional medicine cannabis, and to study the safety of users.

Methodology: This research is a retrospective study. Data were retrieved from medical records August 22, 2019 to September 30, 2022. Participants were selected according to inclusion and exclusion criteria. Subsequently, data were recorded in data collection forms and analyzed using descriptive statistics and inferential statistics; paired t-test.

Results: There were 80 individuals who for the study. It was found that the majority were female(52%). The average age was 58.4 ± 1.39 years. The majority were non-smokers (95%), non-drinkers(89%), and non-underlying(58%). Among the Thai traditional medical cannabis formulations, the most commonly used was Ya Suk Sai Yad(46%), DTAM Ganja Oil(Deja formula)(29%), Golden Turmeric Cannabis Oil(11%), Ya Kae Lom Kae Sen(8%), and Ya Tham Lai Phra Sumen(6%). From the study, it was found that there were no statistically significant differences in liver and renal function test before and after the use of each cannabis formulation.

Discussion: A retrospective study comparing liver and renal function values before and after using Thai traditional medicine cannabis found that Ya Suk Sai Yad was the most commonly used formula, and the five formulas showed no statistical differences. It was safe and did not affect liver and kidney function values after use.

Conclusion: The use of the five formulas of Thai traditional medical cannabis, is safe after use and does not affect liver and renal function.

Key Words : Thai traditional medical cannabis, Safety, Renal function, Liver function

Study of Effectiveness and Safety of Cannabis-Containing and Non-Cannabis Ya Sukkhasaiyat Formulas in Patients with Insomnia

2024-12-11T16:08:41+07:00

Introduction and objective: Sleep is a fundamental need for human health and well-being. Maintaining a good and high-quality sleep cycle is essential as insufficient sleep or sleep disorders can adversely affect both physical and mental health. Currently, many people have problems with insomnia. The Thai Traditional and Integrative Medicine Hospital provides treatment for patients with insomnia using herbal medicine for relieving the symptom. There are herbal remedies for relieving insomnia, including those containing cannabis and those without. The researchers are interested in studying the comparative effectiveness and safety of cannabis-containing Ya Sukkhasaiyat and non-cannabis Ya Sukkhasaiyat formulas (CCYS and NCYS) in patients with insomnia. To provide information for further research and development on the use of Ya Sukkhasaiyat in patients with insomnia in the future. The objectives of this study were to (1) evaluate the effectiveness of CCYS and NCYS sleep quality, (2) assess the severity and safety of adverse reactions to Ya Sukkhasaiyat in insomnia patients, and (3) evaluate satisfaction of using Ya Sukkhasaiyat for insomnia.

Method: This research, using an experimental study double-blinded randomized control design, was conducted on patients with chronic insomnia or difficulty sleeping, who were receiving treatment at the Thai Traditional and Integrative Medicine hospital, with a total of 84 participants. By assessing sleep quality using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, data were collected and then analyzed using descriptive statistics, independent t-test, and paired t-test.

Results: When comparing composite scores of sleep quality of the participants before and after treatment, the CCYS group had mean scores of 10.45 ± 3.79 and 5.91 ± 2.72, respectively, while the NCYS group’s mean scores were 10.49 ± 3.15 and 6.68 ± 1.75, respectively. In both groups the post-treatment scores significantly reduced (p < 0.05), but there was no significant difference between the groups (p > 0.05). Based on the assessment of adverse drug reactions, both groups had mild adverse symptoms including epigastric burning from using the formulas. As for quality of life, the ESAS assessments of pain, tiredness/fatigue, nausea, depression, anxiety, drowsiness, anorexia, physical/mental discomfort, shortness of breath, other symptoms, showed a significant decrease in ESAS scores (p < 0.05).

Discussion: Regarding patient satisfaction after treatment, the CCYS group had significantly increased satisfaction with their sleep, but the increase was not significant in the NCYS group (p < 0.05). However, between the two groups, their satisfaction levels were not significantly different (p > 0.05). Based on the comparison of sleep satisfaction levels, it can be explained that the CCYS group had significantly different sleep satisfaction scores before and after treatment regarding sleeping more soundly, not waking up during the night, and better sleep quality, etc. The higher satisfaction level might result from the effect of the cannabis contained in the medication as cannabis has an important compound called delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), which helps induce relaxation, euphoria, and sleep. However, when considering the sleep satisfaction scores before and after treatment in the NCYS group, the satisfaction rating increased post-treatment, but not significantly. Based on the satisfaction scores of both formulas, it was found that the participants had higher sleep satisfaction scores after receiving the two herbal medicine formulas. That was because both formulas contain the same 11 herbal ingredients, and according to herbal drug information, the herbs other than cannabis that have sleep-inducing properties are, for example, long pepper, neem, ginger and nutmeg.

Conclusion and recommendation: The results of this study have shown that both Ya Sukkhasaiyat formulas are significantly effective and safe in treating patients with insomnia. The efficacies in both study groups are not significantly different. If more research on this matter is promoted, it can help solve public health problems and reduce chronic diseases caused by insomnia. To ensure safety, future studies should investigate the effects of active compounds in the formulas, potentially in collaboration with external organizations. This would provide a systematic scientific evidence to support their use.

Social Marketing to Promote Medical Marijuana Use: The Basis of PatientCentered Palliative Care

2025-01-31T15:46:27+07:00

Introduction and Objective: Thailand initiated a policy to promote the use of medical marijuana in 2019, with the Ministry of Public Health ordering the opening of medical marijuana clinics in the hospitals under the Ministry of Public Health covering all provinces, with a focus on using it in palliative care patients. Results of medical marijuana operations in Phetchabun province found that doctors prescribed medical marijuana for palliative care patients very rarely, and the trend is continuously decreasing. Therefore, researchers are interested in finding ways to encourage doctors to prescribe medical marijuana for palliative care patients. This qualitative study aimed to analyze the situation of medical marijuana use in palliative care patients from the perspectives of medical personnel and palliative care patients, including the development of a model to promote the use of medical marijuana in palliative care patients in the hospital of Phetchabun province by using a social marketing concept.

Method: Perspective of medical personnel, Data collected through focus group discussions with 3 medical personnel in the target hospitals: pharmacist, nurse and Thai traditional doctor. In-depth interviews were conducted with one doctor in charge of the palliative care clinic. The focus group and in-depth interview questions consisted of 17 open-closed questions adapted from the Behavior Change Wheel and Behavioral Economics theories. It is divided into 5 categories according to the factors that affect the use of medical marijuana. Including policy factors service system factors economic factors medical personnel factors and patient factors. In terms of patient perspectives, data were collected through in-depth interviews with 11 palliative care patients aged 20-60 years, divided into 6 patients who had received medical marijuana and 5 patients who had not received medical marijuana and can communicate information. There are 12 in-depth interview questions, referring to the SERVQUAL service quality measurement form. It consists of questions in 5 areas: tangibility of the service, reliability of medical marijuana use, and responsiveness of patients’ needs for medical marijuana use, providing patients with confidence in their treatment (assurance) and knowing and understanding the patient (empathy). Content analysis of the study results was performed using the Atlas.ti Version 24 program. The data obtained from the study results were used to determine strategies to promote the use of medical marijuana with the social marketing.

Results: Medical personnel are still not confident in the effectiveness and safety of medical marijuana because there is a lack of reliable information, which is contrary to the opinions of patients who are interested in the use of medical marijuana that believe the medical marijuana make them recovered from disease. The information obtained from this study can be used to determine marketing strategies (6Ps marketing mix) to promote the use of medical marijuana as follows: (1) Have a manual on the use of medical marijuana for medical personnel and the public. (2) Communicate information on the effectiveness of medical marijuana use to doctors so they are aware of the value of medical marijuana use. (3) Extend the hours of medical marijuana clinics. (4) Have a process for providing knowledge to relevant personnel, such as lessons learned from a best practice on medical marijuana use. (5) Create a communication channel between administrators and practitioners. (6) Have a system for giving rewards. (7) Use the Change choice defaults approach, such as making a pop-up to choose to use medical marijuana in the medication ordering program. (8) Have a system for searching and screening patients who meet the criteria to receive medical marijuana as compensation. (9) There is a good service model for medical marijuana clinics. (10) There is a compensation policy.

Discussion: This study revealed that patients have high expectations for the use of marijuana for medical treatment, while medical personnel are aware of the safety of marijuana use with patients, but lack clear guidelines for its use, which makes them hesitate to decide to prescribe marijuana to patients. It can be seen that promoting the use of medical marijuana is still a matter of limitations, both in terms of lack of reliable medical marijuana use data and personnel readiness, which is a challenge for those responsible for overseeing medical marijuana policy.

Conclusion and Recommendation: Promoting medical marijuana policy requires cooperation from many relevant sectors, including government agencies private sector educational institutions and the hospitals to obtain information on the safety and effectiveness of medical marijuana use. Therefore, if we want to promote the increased use of medical marijuana, here are some suggestions: (1) Related people in pushing for drug policy should be given priority on the safety of drug use. (2) Promotion of medical marijuana policy should be promoted and communicated in the same direction, both among medical personnel and the public sector.

Effects and Safety of Knee Wraps With Herbal Patches in Elderly Patients for the Treatment of Lom Jab Pong Haeng Khao (Knee Osteoarthritis)

2024-11-26T09:50:31+07:00

Introduction and Objectives: Lom Jab Pong Haeng Khao in Thai traditional medicine (TTM), also known as knee osteoarthritis (KOA), is a disease that causes knee pain and joint stiffness, leading to difficulty in movement. It also includes crackling sound when the knee is flexed, especially in the elderly. These symptoms thus affect the elderly’s physical and mental health. Consequently, movement limitations and an increased risk of falls may lead to depression and suffering due to chronic pain. Therefore, knee wraps with herbal patches are accepted as one of the options for treating this disease. The aim of this study was to evaluate the primary outcome regarding the effect and safety of the knee wraps with herbal patches formulated by the TTM Clinic at Khok Charoen Hospital in Lop Buri province, for relieving knee pain in elderly patients with KOA.

Methods: This study was conducted, using a quasi-experimental research design, in a sample of elderly patients diagnosed with KOA who attended the TTM Clinic at Khok Charoen Hospital. The participants were recruited using non-probability sampling based on the following inclusion criteria: (1) age at least 60 years, (2) being diagnosed with KOA by a TTM doctor, (3) illustrating at least one of the following symptoms: knee pain, crackling when moving, and stiffness especially after waking up lasting less than 30 minutes, (4) using the services at the TTM Clinic of Khok Charoen Hospital, (5) no known allergic reactions to herbs especially Zingiber cassumunar (plai), Curcuma longa (turmeric), Citrus hystrix (kaffir lime), Piper nigrum (black pepper), and Cymbopogon citratus (lemongrass), and (6) willing to participate in the study. A total of 36 patients were allocated by non-probability sampling method and none withdrew from the study until its completion. The research initially prepared knee wraps with herbal patches containing Z. cassumunar, C. longa (turmeric), C. hystrix (kaffir lime), P. nigrum (black pepper), and C. citratus (lemongrass). All materials used in the herbal patch were well-prepared by TTM doctors; only fresh and raw herbs were selected and then kept at 4 degrees Celsius. The herbal patches were then taken to wrap the patients’ knees for 15 minutes per time, three times a week every other day for 4 weeks. The 12 times of knee wrapping were totally determined. Subsequently, the treatment was evaluated for its efficiency including pain dimension (joint pain), stiffness dimension (gelling phenomenon), and ability dimension (crepitus) using the Modified WOMAC Scale questionnaire and safety including observations for dryness, redness, irritation, and urticaria using the Visual Analog Scale (VAS) before and after treatment every week, and before and after 4-week treatment. Data analysis included frequency, percentage, mean, and standard deviation, and paired sample t-test for efficiency evaluation at a confidence level of 95 percent.

Results: (1) Regarding primary outcomes, the mean levels of knee pain after knee wrapping with herbal patches significantly decreased from before, p–value < 0.001, at all dimensions, including levels of pain (before: 4.12 ± 1.36; after: 2.42 ± 1.04), stiffness (before: 3.62 ± 1.53; after: 2.13 ± 1.23), and function of the knee (before: 4.08 ± 1.93; after: 2.07 ± 1.46). (2) As for safety issues, there were only two patients with redness and minor allergies (5.56%) and one patient (2.78%) with irritation or minor allergy. No cases of dryness or urticaria were reported.

Discussion: The five hot/astringent herbs in the herbal patches could expel and disperse the wind, and relieve knee pain. With their reported pharmacologic anti-inflammatory activities, they can help relieve the pain very well with low allergic reactions. Hence, the herbal patch is recognized as an alternate for KOA inflammation treatment and pain/swelling management.

Conclusion: Knee wraps with herbal patches developed by the TTM Group at Khok Charoen Hospital are effective in reducing knee pain levels; and they are also safe for use as an alternative method for relieving the pain in KOA patients.

The Study of Optimal Solvent Conditions for the Extraction of Phyllanthus Emblica L. Using Ultrasonic-Assisted Extraction

2024-10-17T10:13:35+07:00

Introduction and Objective: Phyllanthus emblica L., commonly known as Indian gooseberry or "Makham Pom" in Thailand, is a medicinal plant widely recognized for its therapeutic potential. This fruit has played a significant role in both Thai traditional medicine and Ayurvedic practices for centuries. Traditionally, it has been incorporated into remedies for various respiratory conditions, especially in formulations aimed at alleviating cough, soothing irritated throats, reducing phlegm production, and enhancing immune system function. The efficacy of P. emblica is attributed to its high content of bioactive constituents, including but not limited to kaempferol, gallic acid, tannins, and ascorbic acid (vitamin C). These compounds have demonstrated a wide range of pharmacological activities such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antidiabetic, and antiviral properties. Despite its well-documented medicinal properties, the extraction techniques conventionally employed to isolate these compounds such as decoction, boiling, and maceration with water or ethanol present several drawbacks. These traditional approaches are time consuming and often involve high temperatures or prolonged exposure to solvents, potentially causing degradation or transformation of thermolabile and pH sensitive phytochemicals. Such limitations underscore the necessity for developing and implementing more efficient, selective, and sustainable extraction technologies that preserve the integrity and biological activity of the target compounds.

Ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE) has gained considerable attention in recent years as an effective and eco-friendly alternative to conventional extraction methods. This technique utilizes high-frequency ultrasonic waves to induce cavitation, thereby enhancing mass transfer, cell disruption, and solvent penetration. UAE not only shortens extraction time and improves yield but also reduces the need for harsh solvents and elevated temperatures. Consequently, this technique is highly suitable for the extraction of bioactive molecules from natural sources, particularly when targeting compounds that are sensitive to heat and oxidation. The present study aimed to evaluate the impact of different solvent systems on the efficiency of UAE in extracting key bioactive compounds from P. emblica. Specifically, the objective was to determine which solvent yields the highest levels of antioxidant activity and phytochemical content, particularly gallic acid, tannins, and vitamin C. The outcomes of this research are expected to contribute valuable insights into the optimization of extraction protocols for pharmaceutical, nutraceutical, and cosmeceutical applications.

Methods: Fresh fruits of P. emblica used in this study were sourced from cultivated orchards in Kanchanaburi Province, Thailand., thoroughly washed to remove impurities, and subsequently dried in a hot air oven at 50 °C for 72 hours. This drying temperature was chosen to effectively reduce the moisture content while preserving the structural integrity of heat-sensitive phytochemicals. The dried fruits were ground into fine powder using a mechanical grinder. The powdered material was then subjected to ultrasonic-assisted extraction using four different solvent systems: distilled water, 50% ethanol, 70% ethanol, and 90% ethanol. Each extraction was performed using an ultrasonic processor operating at a frequency of 20 kHz for 60 minutes at room temperature. Post-extraction, the liquid extracts were filtered, and the solvents were removed via freeze-drying (lyophilization), yielding powdered extracts for subsequent analysis. The qualitative identification of major phytochemicals, namely gallic acid and ascorbic acid, was conducted using High-Performance Thin Layer Chromatography (HPTLC). Chromatograms were developed and visualized under white and UV (366 nm) light, and retention factor (Rf) values were compared against standard reference compounds. Quantitative assessment of gallic acid, total tannin content, and ascorbic acid was performed using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC), following validated analytical protocols. Antioxidant capacity of the extracts was determined using the DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) radical scavenging assay.

Results: HPTLC analysis successfully confirmed the presence of gallic acid and ascorbic acid in all extracts, regardless of the solvent system used. Gallic acid was observed as a grayish-brown band with an Rf value of 0.40 under white light and exhibited a bright blue fluorescence under UV light, matching the standard. Ascorbic acid appeared as a light brown band at an Rf value of 0.16 under white light and a dark brown hue under UV light, consistent with the standard reference. Quantitative results revealed a significant variation in extraction yield and phytochemical content depending on the solvent employed. Distilled water yielded the highest extract mass, with a yield of 26.81 ± 0.30%, and also contained the highest concentration of ascorbic acid, measured at 935.57 ± 0.96 mg/100g. These values were significantly greater (p < 0.05) than those observed in ethanol based extracts. Conversely, 90% ethanol was the most effective solvent for extracting gallic acid and tannins. This solvent yielded the highest concentrations of gallic acid 13.16 ± 0.01 g/100 g, total tannins 208.89 ± 0.26 mg TAE/g, and antioxidant activity 122.60 ± 1.35 g eq ascorbic acid/100 g, with statistical significance (p < 0.05).

Discussion: Ethanol 90% was the most suitable solvent for the ultrasonic-assisted extraction of P. emblica in this study, as it provided the highest content of gallic acid, tannin and antioxidant activity. However, the extraction with distilled water gave the highest extraction yield and vitamin C.

Conclusion and Recommendation: Ethanol 90% is the ideal solvent for ultrasonic-assisted extraction of P. emblica in this study because it exhibited the high amounts of active compounds and good antioxidant activity. This study can serve as a guideline for manufacturing the P. emblica extracted to application in Thai Traditional Medicine and health products. Nonetheless, the aqueous extraction of P. emblica remains a viable method if the emphasis is on harnessing vitamin C from the extract.

Assessment of Anti-oxidation Activities of Saban Remedy Extracts

2024-10-09T09:11:34+07:00

Introduction and Objectives: Oxidative stress arises from an imbalance between reactive oxidant species (ROS) and the body's antioxidant defenses, leading to potential damage to proteins, lipids, and DNA, and increasing mutation risks. Antioxidants are crucial in protecting cells from radicals. Nutrient antioxidants play a significant role in detoxifying ROS, and their deficiency is linked to chronic diseases and cancer. Phytochemical antioxidants include vitamins C, E, and K, plant pigments like carotenoids, and secondary metabolites such as phenolics and polyphenols. Saban remedy, a plant medicine given to cancer patients at the Arokhayasala Temple, lacks published scientific evidence of its benefits.

Methods: To investigate the antioxidant activities of Saban remedy and its ingredients, two extraction methods, maceration, and decoction, were used. These extracts were analyzed for their antioxidant activities. Additionally, the study examined the total phenolic and flavonoid contents of these extracts.

Results: The aqueous extracts showed percentage yield higher than ethanolic extracts. Most ethanolic extracts showed higher total phenolic and flavonoid contents than aqueous extracts. The DPPH radical scavenger assay showed that the aqueous extracts were the most effective. The Saban remedy aqueous extract was a good radical scavenger with an EC₅₀ of 7.98±0.98 µg/mL when compared with the ethanolic extract of Saban remedy (EC₅₀= 27.92±0.89 µg/mL). Saban remedy's ethanolic and aqueous extract showed identical activity as measured by the ABTS assay with EC₅₀ =1.06±0.20 and 1.03±0.10 mg/mL, respectively. The results of FRAP assay showed that the ethanolic and aqueous extracts of Saban remedy had FRAP values with 264.86±10.75 and 301.32±0.46 mg Fe2+ equivalent per gram extract. The aqueous extract showed the highest reducing power, indicating its potential as an electron donor to scavenge free radicals. The results of the NBT reduction assay demonstrated that the Saban remedy ethanolic extract had higher antioxidant activity than the aqueous extract.

Discussion: Plant polyphenols show significant antioxidant activity by reacting directly with radicals, donating electrons to stabilize them and prevent cellular damage. Cell-based antioxidant activity involves the defense systems within cells against oxidative stress. Our results indicate that ethanolic extracts are more potent than aqueous extracts in cell-based assays, while aqueous extracts showed superior antioxidant activity in chemical-based assays, with lower EC₅₀ values for DPPH and ABTS. The variation in antioxidant activity that results across laboratory methodology is due to differences in oxidant species and measurement techniques. Differences in antioxidant results compared to previous studies are also a consequence of variations in herbs, influenced by factors such as geographical location and season in which they were grown and cultivated.

Conclusion and Recommendation: This study indicates that the Saban remedy exhibits anti-oxidation activities capable of inhibiting various oxidants or ROS, including the DPPH assay, ABTS assay, FRAP assay, and NBT reduction assay.

Bioactive Compounds of Indigofera tinctorial L. Extract and Lotion Formulation

2025-02-07T14:59:19+07:00

Introduction & Objectives: Indigofera tinctorial L. (indigo) isabroadshrub withalternatepinnateleaves
and elliptic leaflets that have compounds with antioxidant, antibacterial and anti-inflammatory activities, which
inhibit thedevelopmentof lungcancer,andprotectagainstultraviolet radiation. Indigohasbeenusedtodyefabric,
and there has been research on indigo extracts being used to develop cosmetic products. This research aimed to
study the biological properties of indigo extract, formulate lotions and test their physical and chemical stability.
Methodology: Theantioxidantactivityof indigoextract was studiedusinga DPPH assay,anditsphenolic
content was determined using theFolin-ciocalteu colorimetry method and flavonoid content using the aluminum
chloridecolorimetry method.Freshindigofrom theshoot tips,youngleaves, matureleaves,andall threeparts ina
ratioof1:1:1 wasextracted with methanol solvent. Theextract thatexhibitedthebestantioxidantactivity,phenolic
content,and flavonoidcontent wasselectedtodeveloplotion,andthebest lotion wastestedforantioxidantactivity,
phenolic content, and flavonoid content by using one-way ANOVA for the effects of such substances.
Results: The indigo extracts from shoot tips had the best antioxidant activity at IC50 of 0.12 ± 0.01 mg/
mL, from young leaves had the highest phenolic content (114.93 ± 11.44 mg GAE/g extract), and from all three
partshadthehighest flavonoidcontent (763.00±42.26 mg QE/gextract). As for the lotion formulation, the third
formula with0.12 %w/w all-part indigoextracthadgoodphysical andchemical stabilitycharacteristics; whilethe
formula usingshoot-tip extract hadthebest antioxidant activity at IC50 of 42.23±0.02 mg/mL.
Discussion: Thisstudyfoundthat thetotalphenolicand flavonoidcontentsdidnotpositivelycorrelate with
antioxidant activity. This could be a guideline for selecting the plant parts for testing to match the application’s
benefits.Forexample, toproduceaproduct for reducinginflammationand wrinkles, theplantpart withthehighestantioxidant activity maybe used.
Conclusions and Recommendations: The extract from shoot tip had the highest antioxidant content.
The lotion formula with an extract from shoot tips had the highest antioxidant activity.Formulating a lotion with
indigoextract as a cosmeticproduct was anadditionaluseof indigoother thanfor fabricdyeing. Other important
substances from indigoextractandtoxicitytestinginanimal models shouldbefurther studied. It mayalsobe made intoa medicinal product for reducinginflammation. That was anadditional choice for consumers to useproducts
withnatural herbal ingredients, leading to the development of commercial herbal products

Formulation of Topical Film-Forming Spray Product Containing Mitragyna speciosa Kroth.

2024-10-09T09:20:11+07:00

Introduction and objective: Mitragyna speciosa, commonly known as kratom, holds significant therapeutic properties in traditional Thai medicine for treating dysentery and diarrhea, alleviating muscle pain, and enhancing physical functions. Kratom leaves are used in both fresh and dried forms like tea and coffee. Pharmacologically, kratom acts as a nervous system stimulant, provides pain relief via opioid receptors, inhibits PGE₂secretion through COX-2 enzyme inhibition, reduces gastric acid secretion, suppresses appetite, and offers antioxidant benefits. The active compound in kratom leaves is mitragynine, an alkaloid. This study aimed to develop a film-forming spray product that contains kratom extract for external use.

Methods: The development of an topical film-forming spray product involved studying various polymers and plasticizers, as well as determining the appropriate alcohol content for the formulation. The physical characteristics of the developed formulation were assessed, and the mitragynine content was analyzed using HPLC. Additionally, the stability of the formulation was evaluated under room temperature and accelerated conditions by assessing physical characteristics and determining the remaining active compound content.

Results: Polymer PVP K30 was found to provide good stability of the kratom extract film-forming spray product, with only slight color changes while maintaining clarity and showing no white precipitate. The analysis of mitragynine amount in the spray product using HPLC revealed a content of 0.00077 ± 0.00 %w/w.

Discussion: The stability study of the spray product, both physically and chemically, showed that PVP K30 is a polymer that is highly compatible with kratom extract, providing good stability to the product. This makes it useful for developing potential film-forming spray products. The stability study also showed that after three months the mitragynine content at room temperature was 0.00073 ± 0.00 %w/w, while under accelerated conditions it was 0.00068 ± 0.00 %w/w.

Conclusion and recommendations: The topical film-forming spray product containing kratom extract is conveniently and easily used. The study findings can be used as a basis for developing herbal skin products, especially for external use from kratom extract.

2025-04-30T09:39:03+07:00

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