Assessment of Anti-oxidation Activities of Saban Remedy Extracts
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Abstract
Introduction and Objectives: Oxidative stress arises from an imbalance between reactive oxidant species (ROS) and the body's antioxidant defenses, leading to potential damage to proteins, lipids, and DNA, and increasing mutation risks. Antioxidants are crucial in protecting cells from radicals. Nutrient antioxidants play a significant role in detoxifying ROS, and their deficiency is linked to chronic diseases and cancer. Phytochemical antioxidants include vitamins C, E, and K, plant pigments like carotenoids, and secondary metabolites such as phenolics and polyphenols. Saban remedy, a plant medicine given to cancer patients at the Arokhayasala Temple, lacks published scientific evidence of its benefits.
Methods: To investigate the antioxidant activities of Saban remedy and its ingredients, two extraction methods, maceration, and decoction, were used. These extracts were analyzed for their antioxidant activities. Additionally, the study examined the total phenolic and flavonoid contents of these extracts.
Results: The aqueous extracts showed percentage yield higher than ethanolic extracts. Most ethanolic extracts showed higher total phenolic and flavonoid contents than aqueous extracts. The DPPH radical scavenger assay showed that the aqueous extracts were the most effective. The Saban remedy aqueous extract was a good radical scavenger with an EC50 of 7.98±0.98 µg/mL when compared with the ethanolic extract of Saban remedy (EC50= 27.92±0.89 µg/mL). Saban remedy's ethanolic and aqueous extract showed identical activity as measured by the ABTS assay with EC50 =1.06±0.20 and 1.03±0.10 mg/mL, respectively. The results of FRAP assay showed that the ethanolic and aqueous extracts of Saban remedy had FRAP values with 264.86±10.75 and 301.32±0.46 mg Fe2+ equivalent per gram extract. The aqueous extract showed the highest reducing power, indicating its potential as an electron donor to scavenge free radicals. The results of the NBT reduction assay demonstrated that the Saban remedy ethanolic extract had higher antioxidant activity than the aqueous extract.
Discussion: Plant polyphenols show significant antioxidant activity by reacting directly with radicals, donating electrons to stabilize them and prevent cellular damage. Cell-based antioxidant activity involves the defense systems within cells against oxidative stress. Our results indicate that ethanolic extracts are more potent than aqueous extracts in cell-based assays, while aqueous extracts showed superior antioxidant activity in chemical-based assays, with lower EC50 values for DPPH and ABTS. The variation in antioxidant activity that results across laboratory methodology is due to differences in oxidant species and measurement techniques. Differences in antioxidant results compared to previous studies are also a consequence of variations in herbs, influenced by factors such as geographical location and season in which they were grown and cultivated.
Conclusion and Recommendation: This study indicates that the Saban remedy exhibits anti-oxidation activities capable of inhibiting various oxidants or ROS, including the DPPH assay, ABTS assay, FRAP assay, and NBT reduction assay.
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