Cannabis: medical use and toxicity
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Published:
Aug 31, 2016
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Abstract
Cancer is a leading cause of death in Thai population and has a big socio-economic impact of the country. Cancer is a complex disease that is very variable in its presentation, development and outcomes from one patient to the other. With advanced in new technology, many cancer can be cured. However, discovery and development research for new drug still need in order to find new substances that have better outcomes for treatment, or to be used as complementary and alternative medicine. Among these, cannabinoids and it derivatives have been proposed for drug development. The article aims to update the current knowledge and evidence of using cannabis for medical use, particularly for treatment of cancer. Many studies of cannabis and its derivatives showed potential antitumor activities both in vitro and in vivo. However, clinical trials in cancer are limited. In conclusion, there is no evidence using of cannabis for cancer treatment. Further clinical studies are needed including on pros and cons issues. Nevertheless, the results of current studies show important information for medical use of cannabis and its possible developments for cancer treatment.
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Review Article
References
เอกสารอ้างอิง
1. National Cancer Institute. Cannabis and Cannabinoids (PDQ®)-Health Professional Version. Available from: http://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/cam/hp/ cannabis-pdq. Accessed July 22, 2016.
2. Abel EL. Marihuana: The First Twelve Thousand Years. New York: Plenum Press, 1980. Available from : http://www.druglibrary.org/Schaffer/hemp/history/first12000/abel.htm. Accessed July 17, 2016.
3. Felder CC, Glass M. Cannabinoid receptors and their endogenous agonists. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol. 1998; 38: 179-200.
4. Zerrin Atakan. Cannabis, a complex plant: different compounds and different effects on individuals. Ther Adv Psychopharmacol. 2012; 2:241–54.
5. บำรุง คงดี. ความรู้ทั่วไปเกี่ยวกับสิ่งเป็นพิษ: สารเสพติด. (ออนไลน์) 2542. (อ้างถึงวันที่ 22 กรกฎาคม 2559). เข้าถึงได้จาก : http://webdb.dmsc.moph.go.th/ifc_toxic/a_tx_1_001c.asp? info_id=392
6. กองพัฒนาศักยภาพผู้บริโภค สำนักงานคณะกรรมการอาหารและยา กระทรวงสาธารณสุข. ยาเสพติดให้โทษ. (ออนไลน์). 2548. (อ้างถึงวันที่ 22 กรกฎาคม 2559). เข้าถึงได้จาก : http://webnotes.fda. moph.go.th/consumer/csmb/csmb2548.nsf/
7. Karl W. Hillig and Paul G. Mahlberg. A chemotaxonomic analysis of cannabinoid variation in Cannabis (Cannabaceae). American Journal of Botany. 2004. 91: 966–75.
8. National Institute on Drug Abuse. Marijuana. Available from : https://www.drugabuse.gov/ sites/default/files/mjrrs_3_2016.pdf. Accessed July, 22 2016.
9. พระราชบัญญัติยาเสพติดให้โทษ พ.ศ. 2522. ราชกิจจานุเบกษาฉบับกฤษฎีกา (ลงวันที่ 22 เมษายน 2522). (ออนไลน์). 2553. (อ้างถึงวันที่ 22 กรกฎาคม 2559). เข้าถึงได้จาก: http://web.krisdika.go.th/ data/law/law2/%c207/%c207-20-9999-update.pdf
10. Sutton IR, Daeninck P. Cannabinoids in the management of intractable chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting and cancer-related pain. J Support Oncol. 2006; 4: 531-5.
11. Ahmedzai S, Carlyle DL, Calder IT, et al. Anti-emetic efficacy and toxicity of nabilone, a synthetic cannabinoid, in lung cancer chemotherapy. Br J Cancer. 1983; 48: 657-63.
12. Chan HS, Correia JA, MacLeod SM. Nabilone versus prochlorperazine for control of cancer chemotherapy-induced emesis in children: a double-blind, crossover trial. Pediatrics. 1987; 79: 946-52.
13. Johansson R, Kilkku P, Groenroos M. A double-blind, controlled trial of nabilone vs. prochlorperazine for refractory emesis induced by cancer chemotherapy. Cancer Treat Rev. 1982; 9: 25-33.
14. Jatoi A, Windschitl HE, Loprinzi CL, et al. Dronabinol versus megestrol acetate versus combination therapy for cancer-associated anorexia: a North Central Cancer Treatment Group study. J Clin Oncol. 2002; 20: 567-73.
15. Beal JE, Olson R, Laubenstein L, et al. Dronabinol as a treatment for anorexia associated with weight loss in patients with AIDS. J Pain Symptom Manage. 1995; 10: 89-97.
16. Abrams DI, Couey P, Shade SB, Kelly ME, Benowitz NL. Cannabinoid-opioid interaction in chronic pain. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2011; 90: 844-51.
17. Jochimsen PR, Lawton RL, VerSteeg K, Noyes R Jr. Effect of benzopyranoperidine, a delta-9-THC congener, on pain. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1978; 24:223-7.
18. Johnson JR, Lossignol D, Burnell-Nugent M, et al. An open-label extension study to investigate the long-term safety and tolerability of THC/CBD oromucosal spray and oromucosal THC spray in patients with terminal cancer-related pain refractory to strong opioid analgesics. J Pain Symptom Manage. 2013; 46: 207-18.
19. Vara D, Salazar M, Olea-Herrero N, et al. Anti-tumoral action of cannabinoids on hepatocellular carcinoma: role of AMPK-dependent activation of autophagy. Cell Death Differ. 2011;18: 1099-111.
20. Shrivastava A, Kuzontkoski PM, Groopman JE, et al.: Cannabidiol induces programmed cell death in breast cancer cells by coordinating the cross-talk between apoptosis and autophagy. Mol Cancer Ther. 2011; 10: 1161-72.
21. Caffarel MM, Andradas C, Mira E, et al.: Cannabinoids reduce ErbB2-driven breast cancer progression through Akt inhibition. Mol Cancer. 2010; 9: 196.
22. McAllister SD, Murase R, Christian RT, et al.: Pathways mediating the effects of cannabidiol on the reduction of breast cancer cell proliferation, invasion, and metastasis. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2011; 129: 37-47.
23. Romano B, Borrelli F, Pagano E, et al. Inhibition of colon carcinogenesis by a standardized Cannabis sativa extract with high content of cannabidiol. Phytomedicine. 2014; 21: 631-9.
24. Ramer R, Bublitz K, Freimuth N, et al. Cannabidiol inhibits lung cancer cell invasion and metastasis via intercellular adhesion molecule-1. FASEB J. 2012; 26: 1535-48.
25. Bifulco M, Laezza C, Pisanti S, et al. Cannabinoids and cancer: pros and cons of an antitumour strategy. Br J Pharmacol. 2006; 148: 123-35.
26. Preet A, Ganju RK, Groopman JE. Delta9-Tetrahydrocannabinol inhibits epithelial growth factor-induced lung cancer cell migration in vitro as well as its growth and metastasis in vivo. Oncogene. 2008; 27: 339-46.
27. Aviello G, Romano B, Borrelli F, et al.: Chemopreventive effect of the non-psychotropic phytocannabinoid cannabidiol on experimental colon cancer. J Mol Med (Berl). 2012; 90: 925-34.
28. Massa F, Marsicano G, Hermann H, et al. The endogenous cannabinoid system protects against colonic inflammation. J Clin Invest. 2004; 113: 1202-9.
29. McKallip RJ, Nagarkatti M, Nagarkatti PS: Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol enhances breast cancer growth and metastasis by suppression of the antitumor immune response. J Immunol. 2005; 174: 3281-9.
30. Berthiller J, Straif K, Boniol M, et al. Cannabis smoking and risk of lung cancer in men: a pooled analysis of three studies in Maghreb. J Thorac Oncol. 2008; 3: 1398-403.
31. Sidney S, Quesenberry CP Jr, Friedman GD, et al. Marijuana use and cancer incidence (California, United States). Cancer Causes Control. 1997; 8: 722-8.
32. Hashibe M, Morgenstern H, Cui Y, et al. Marijuana use and the risk of lung and upper aerodigestive tract cancers: results of a population-based case-control study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2006; 15: 1829-34.
33. Marks MA, Chaturvedi AK, Kelsey K, et al. Association of marijuana smoking with oropharyngeal and oral tongue cancers: pooled analysis from the INHANCE consortium. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2014; 23: 160-71.
34. Guzmán M, Duarte MJ, Blázquez C, et al. A pilot clinical study of Delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol in patients with recurrent glioblastoma multiforme. Br J Cancer. 2006; 95: 197-203.
35. Adams IB, Martin BR. Cannabis: pharmacology and toxicology in animals and humans. Addiction. 1996; 91: 1585-614.
36. Grotenhermen F, Russo E, eds. Cannabis and Cannabinoids: Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Therapeutic Potential. Binghamton, NY: The Haworth Press, 2002.
37. Sutton IR, Daeninck P. Cannabinoids in the management of intractable chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting and cancer-related pain. J Support Oncol. 2006; 4: 531-5.
38. Guzmán M. Cannabinoids: potential anticancer agents. Nat Rev Cancer. 2003; 3: 745-55.
1. National Cancer Institute. Cannabis and Cannabinoids (PDQ®)-Health Professional Version. Available from: http://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/cam/hp/ cannabis-pdq. Accessed July 22, 2016.
2. Abel EL. Marihuana: The First Twelve Thousand Years. New York: Plenum Press, 1980. Available from : http://www.druglibrary.org/Schaffer/hemp/history/first12000/abel.htm. Accessed July 17, 2016.
3. Felder CC, Glass M. Cannabinoid receptors and their endogenous agonists. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol. 1998; 38: 179-200.
4. Zerrin Atakan. Cannabis, a complex plant: different compounds and different effects on individuals. Ther Adv Psychopharmacol. 2012; 2:241–54.
5. บำรุง คงดี. ความรู้ทั่วไปเกี่ยวกับสิ่งเป็นพิษ: สารเสพติด. (ออนไลน์) 2542. (อ้างถึงวันที่ 22 กรกฎาคม 2559). เข้าถึงได้จาก : http://webdb.dmsc.moph.go.th/ifc_toxic/a_tx_1_001c.asp? info_id=392
6. กองพัฒนาศักยภาพผู้บริโภค สำนักงานคณะกรรมการอาหารและยา กระทรวงสาธารณสุข. ยาเสพติดให้โทษ. (ออนไลน์). 2548. (อ้างถึงวันที่ 22 กรกฎาคม 2559). เข้าถึงได้จาก : http://webnotes.fda. moph.go.th/consumer/csmb/csmb2548.nsf/
7. Karl W. Hillig and Paul G. Mahlberg. A chemotaxonomic analysis of cannabinoid variation in Cannabis (Cannabaceae). American Journal of Botany. 2004. 91: 966–75.
8. National Institute on Drug Abuse. Marijuana. Available from : https://www.drugabuse.gov/ sites/default/files/mjrrs_3_2016.pdf. Accessed July, 22 2016.
9. พระราชบัญญัติยาเสพติดให้โทษ พ.ศ. 2522. ราชกิจจานุเบกษาฉบับกฤษฎีกา (ลงวันที่ 22 เมษายน 2522). (ออนไลน์). 2553. (อ้างถึงวันที่ 22 กรกฎาคม 2559). เข้าถึงได้จาก: http://web.krisdika.go.th/ data/law/law2/%c207/%c207-20-9999-update.pdf
10. Sutton IR, Daeninck P. Cannabinoids in the management of intractable chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting and cancer-related pain. J Support Oncol. 2006; 4: 531-5.
11. Ahmedzai S, Carlyle DL, Calder IT, et al. Anti-emetic efficacy and toxicity of nabilone, a synthetic cannabinoid, in lung cancer chemotherapy. Br J Cancer. 1983; 48: 657-63.
12. Chan HS, Correia JA, MacLeod SM. Nabilone versus prochlorperazine for control of cancer chemotherapy-induced emesis in children: a double-blind, crossover trial. Pediatrics. 1987; 79: 946-52.
13. Johansson R, Kilkku P, Groenroos M. A double-blind, controlled trial of nabilone vs. prochlorperazine for refractory emesis induced by cancer chemotherapy. Cancer Treat Rev. 1982; 9: 25-33.
14. Jatoi A, Windschitl HE, Loprinzi CL, et al. Dronabinol versus megestrol acetate versus combination therapy for cancer-associated anorexia: a North Central Cancer Treatment Group study. J Clin Oncol. 2002; 20: 567-73.
15. Beal JE, Olson R, Laubenstein L, et al. Dronabinol as a treatment for anorexia associated with weight loss in patients with AIDS. J Pain Symptom Manage. 1995; 10: 89-97.
16. Abrams DI, Couey P, Shade SB, Kelly ME, Benowitz NL. Cannabinoid-opioid interaction in chronic pain. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2011; 90: 844-51.
17. Jochimsen PR, Lawton RL, VerSteeg K, Noyes R Jr. Effect of benzopyranoperidine, a delta-9-THC congener, on pain. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1978; 24:223-7.
18. Johnson JR, Lossignol D, Burnell-Nugent M, et al. An open-label extension study to investigate the long-term safety and tolerability of THC/CBD oromucosal spray and oromucosal THC spray in patients with terminal cancer-related pain refractory to strong opioid analgesics. J Pain Symptom Manage. 2013; 46: 207-18.
19. Vara D, Salazar M, Olea-Herrero N, et al. Anti-tumoral action of cannabinoids on hepatocellular carcinoma: role of AMPK-dependent activation of autophagy. Cell Death Differ. 2011;18: 1099-111.
20. Shrivastava A, Kuzontkoski PM, Groopman JE, et al.: Cannabidiol induces programmed cell death in breast cancer cells by coordinating the cross-talk between apoptosis and autophagy. Mol Cancer Ther. 2011; 10: 1161-72.
21. Caffarel MM, Andradas C, Mira E, et al.: Cannabinoids reduce ErbB2-driven breast cancer progression through Akt inhibition. Mol Cancer. 2010; 9: 196.
22. McAllister SD, Murase R, Christian RT, et al.: Pathways mediating the effects of cannabidiol on the reduction of breast cancer cell proliferation, invasion, and metastasis. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2011; 129: 37-47.
23. Romano B, Borrelli F, Pagano E, et al. Inhibition of colon carcinogenesis by a standardized Cannabis sativa extract with high content of cannabidiol. Phytomedicine. 2014; 21: 631-9.
24. Ramer R, Bublitz K, Freimuth N, et al. Cannabidiol inhibits lung cancer cell invasion and metastasis via intercellular adhesion molecule-1. FASEB J. 2012; 26: 1535-48.
25. Bifulco M, Laezza C, Pisanti S, et al. Cannabinoids and cancer: pros and cons of an antitumour strategy. Br J Pharmacol. 2006; 148: 123-35.
26. Preet A, Ganju RK, Groopman JE. Delta9-Tetrahydrocannabinol inhibits epithelial growth factor-induced lung cancer cell migration in vitro as well as its growth and metastasis in vivo. Oncogene. 2008; 27: 339-46.
27. Aviello G, Romano B, Borrelli F, et al.: Chemopreventive effect of the non-psychotropic phytocannabinoid cannabidiol on experimental colon cancer. J Mol Med (Berl). 2012; 90: 925-34.
28. Massa F, Marsicano G, Hermann H, et al. The endogenous cannabinoid system protects against colonic inflammation. J Clin Invest. 2004; 113: 1202-9.
29. McKallip RJ, Nagarkatti M, Nagarkatti PS: Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol enhances breast cancer growth and metastasis by suppression of the antitumor immune response. J Immunol. 2005; 174: 3281-9.
30. Berthiller J, Straif K, Boniol M, et al. Cannabis smoking and risk of lung cancer in men: a pooled analysis of three studies in Maghreb. J Thorac Oncol. 2008; 3: 1398-403.
31. Sidney S, Quesenberry CP Jr, Friedman GD, et al. Marijuana use and cancer incidence (California, United States). Cancer Causes Control. 1997; 8: 722-8.
32. Hashibe M, Morgenstern H, Cui Y, et al. Marijuana use and the risk of lung and upper aerodigestive tract cancers: results of a population-based case-control study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2006; 15: 1829-34.
33. Marks MA, Chaturvedi AK, Kelsey K, et al. Association of marijuana smoking with oropharyngeal and oral tongue cancers: pooled analysis from the INHANCE consortium. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2014; 23: 160-71.
34. Guzmán M, Duarte MJ, Blázquez C, et al. A pilot clinical study of Delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol in patients with recurrent glioblastoma multiforme. Br J Cancer. 2006; 95: 197-203.
35. Adams IB, Martin BR. Cannabis: pharmacology and toxicology in animals and humans. Addiction. 1996; 91: 1585-614.
36. Grotenhermen F, Russo E, eds. Cannabis and Cannabinoids: Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Therapeutic Potential. Binghamton, NY: The Haworth Press, 2002.
37. Sutton IR, Daeninck P. Cannabinoids in the management of intractable chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting and cancer-related pain. J Support Oncol. 2006; 4: 531-5.
38. Guzmán M. Cannabinoids: potential anticancer agents. Nat Rev Cancer. 2003; 3: 745-55.