Kratom: Herbal Medicine or Nacrotic Drug
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Published:
Feb 26, 2018
Keywords:
kratom alkaloids Mytragynine narcotic drug herbal medicine
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Abstract
Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa Korth.) is an endemic plant species of Southeast Asia. The main constituents in kratom leaves are alkaloids, especially mytragynine and its derivatives, which possess psychological activities as well as nociceptive activities similar to those of morphine. This plant has been widely used throughout Southeast Asian countries asa herbal drug for decades. Kratom has been incorporated into many Thai traditional recipes for the treatment of diarrhea, cough, fever, muscle aches, opium withdrawal, diabetes and hypertension. It is also found in materia medica of Thai traditional medicine. In Thailand, kratom is used in men to combat fatigue and enhance tolerance to hard work under the scorching sun. Recently, there have been reports of kratom abuse, where kratom is mixed with other psychoactive substances, known as a kratom cocktail, 4x100. Thus, many countries have classified kratom and its constituents as controlled substances and narcotic drugs and imposed strict regulations on the production, utilization and distribution of this plant and its products. Nevertheless, the additional pharmacological and toxicological properties, methods of extraction with higher yield and the development of new pharmaceutical products of kratom and its constituents are continuously explored in many countries. Therefore, Thailand should review the role, regulation, and value of kratom especially in terms of herbal medicine.
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References
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11. ขวัญธิดา พิมพการ. สุขภาพจิตและการดูแลตนเองด้านจิตใจในผู้เล่นกีฬาวัวชนที่ใช้กระท่อม. วิทยานิพนธ์ปริญญาพยาบาลศาสตร์มหาบัณฑิต. สาขาการพยาบาลสุขภาพจิตและจิตเวช, บัณฑิตวิทยาลัย. สงขลา: มหาวิทยาลัยสงขลานครินทร์; 2547.
12. ช่อลดา พันธุเสนา, สุจิตรา จรจิตร, วันชัย ธรรมสัจการ, อมรา ศรีสัจจัง. กระท่อม: ความสัมพันธ์ที่ปรากฏในวิถีชีวิตชุมชนลุ่มน้ำทะเลสาบสงขลา. สงขลา: มหาวิทยาลัยสงขลานครินทร์; 2546.
13. Vicknasingam B, Narayanan S, Beng GT, Mansor SM. The informal use of ketum (Mitragyna speciosa) for opioid withdrawal in the northern states of peninsular Malaysia and implications for drug substitution therapy. Int J Drug Policy. 2010;21(4):283-8.
14. Ahmad K, Aziz Z. Mitragyna speciosa use in the northern states of Malaysia: a cross-sectional study. J Ethnopharmacol. 2012;141(1):446-50.
15. Dargan P, Wood D. Novel psychoactive substances: Classification, Pharmacology and Toxicology. New York: Academic Press; 2013.
16. Takayama H, Ishikawa H, Kurihara M, Aimi N, Ponglux D, Koyama F, et al. Studies on the synthesis and opioid agonistic activities of mitragynine-related indole alkaloids: discovery of opioid agonists structurally different from other opioid ligands. J Med Chem. 2002;45(9):1949-56.
17. Matsumoto K, Mizowaki M, Takayama H, Sakai S, Aimi N, Watanabe H. Suppressive effect of mitragynine on the 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine-induced head-twitch response in mice. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 1997;57(1-2):319-23.
18. Jansen KL, Prast CJ. Ethnopharmacology of kratom and the Mitragyna alkaloids. J Ethnopharmacol. 1988;23(1):115-9.
19. Shaik Mossadeq WM, Sulaiman MR, Tengku Mohamad TA, Chiong HS, Zakaria ZA, Jabit ML, et al. Anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive effects of Mitragina speciosa Korth methanolic extract. Med Princ Pract. 2009;18(5):378-84.
20. Idayu NF, Hidayat MT, Moklas MA, Sharida F, Raudzah AR, Shamima AR, et al. Antidepressant-like effect of mitragynine isolated from Mitragyna speciosa Korth in mice model of depression. Phytomedicine 2011;18(5):402–7.
21. Yusoff NH, Suhaimi FW, Vadivelu RK, Hassan Z, Rümler A, Rotter A, et al. Abuse potential and adverse cognitive effects of mitragynine (kratom). Addict Biol. 2016;21(1):98-110.
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25. Matsumoto K, Mizowaki M, Suchitra T, Murakami Y, Takayama H, Sakai S, et al. Central antinociceptive effects of mitragynine in mice: contribution of descending noradrenergic and serotonergic systems. Eur J Pharmacol. 1996;317(1):75-81.
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