Factors Effecting Hearing Improvement in Idiopathic Sudden Sensorineural Hearing Loss Patients with Intratympanic Dexamethasone Injection as a Salvage Treatment after Failure of Oral Prednisolone Therapy
Keywords:
sudden sensorineural hearing loss, failure of oral prednisolone therapy, intratympanic dexamethasone injectionAbstract
Background: Intratympanic dexamethasone injection (ITD) as a salvage treatment after failure of oral prednisolone therapy can promote additional hearing recovery in idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss (ISSNHL) cases. The study of factors affecting hearing improvement is an important thing to evaluate the prognosis after therapy.
Objective: To study factors affecting hearing improvement in ISSNHL patients with ITD as a salvage treatment after failure of oral prednisolone therapy.
Methods: The retrospective descriptive study was analyzed among ISSNHL patients who underwent ITD injection after the failure of oral prednisolone therapy. The medical records from the Ratchaburi hospital’s HOSxP program were collected from July 2014 to December 2020. Pretreatment and post-treatment audiometric evaluations, including pure-tone average (PTA) and speech discrimination score (SDS), were analyzed. The data was presented in percentage, average, and standard deviation. T-test independent and chi-square test were implemented for the analysis of the factors relating to hearing recovery.
Results: Fifty-eight patients met the inclusion criteria of the study. Statistically significant factors were noted in those patients above the age of fifty-six, diabetes, smoking, the severity of ISSNHL, and the first ITD after 6 weeks from the onset of symptoms (p<0.05).
Conclusion: Based on the present study, the adverse hearing recovery prognosis factors for ITD as salvage therapy after the failure of oral prednisolone in ISSNHL are advanced age, diabetes, smoking, the severity of ISSNHL and delayed first ITD after six weeks from the onset of symptoms.
Keywords: Sudden Sensorineural hearing loss, failure of oral prednisolone therapy, intratympanic dexamethasone injection.
References
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2. Byl FM Jr. Sudden hearing loss: eight years’ experience and suggested prognostic table. Laryngoscope 1984;94: 647–661.
3. Mattox DE, Simmons FB. Natural history of sudden sensorineural hearing loss. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol. 1977;86:463-480.
4. Dispenza F, Amodio E, De Stefano A, Gallina S, Marchese D, Mathur N, Riggio F. Treatment of sudden sensorineural hearing loss with transtympanic injection of steroids as single therapy: a randomized clinical study. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2011 Sep;268(9):1273-8.
5. Paulo Roberto Lazarini, Ana Cristina Kfouri Camargo,Idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss: etiopathogenic aspects,Brazilian Journal of Otorhinolaryngology,Volume. 2006;72:554-561.
6. Federspil P. Drug-induced sudden hearing loss and vestibular disturbances. Adv Otorhinolaryngol. 1981;27:144-158.
7. Govindaraju R, Omar R, Rajagopalan R, Norlisah R, KwanHoong N. Hearing loss after noise exposure. Auris Nasus Larynx. 2011;38:519-522.
8. Norris CH. Drugs affecting the inner ear: a review of their clinical efficacy, mechanisms of action, toxicity, and place in therapy. Drugs. 1988;36:754-772.
9. Saunders JE, Luxford WM, Devgan KK, Fetterman BL. Sudden hearing loss in acoustic neuroma patients. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1995;113:23-31.
10. Dispenza F, De Stefano A, Costantino C, Marchese D, Riggio F. Sudden sensorineural hearing loss: results of intratympanic steroids as salvage treatment. Am J Otolaryngol. 2013 Jul-Aug;34(4):296-300.
11. Kuhn M, Heman-Ackah SE, Shaikh JA, Roehm PC. Sudden sensorineural hearing loss: a review of diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis. Trends Amplif. 2011;15(3):91-105.
12. Eftekharian A, Amizadeh M. Pulse steroid therapy in idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss: a randomized controlled clinical trial. Laryngoscope. 2016;126:150-155.
13. Filipo R, Attanasio G, Russo FY, Viccaro M, Mancini P, Covelli E. Intratympanic steroid therapy in moderate sudden hearing loss: a randomized, triple-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Laryngoscope. 2013;123:774-778.
14. Gundogan O, Pinar E, Imre A, Ozturkcan S, Cokmez O, Yigiter AC. Therapeutic efficacy of the combination of intratympanic methylprednisolone and oral steroid for idiopathic sudden deafness. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2013;149: 753-758.
15. Parnes LS, Sun AH, Freeman DJ. Corticosteroid pharmacokinetics in the inner ear fluids: an animal study followed by clinical application. Laryngoscope. 1999 Jul;109(7 Pt 2):1-17.
16. Stachler RJ, Chandrasekhar SS, Archer SM, et al. Clinical practice guideline: sudden hearing loss. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2012;146(3):S1-S35.
17. Fetterman BL, Saunders JE, Luxford WM. Prognosis and treatment of sudden sensorineural hearing loss. Am J Otol. 1996; 17:529-536.
18. Haynes DS, O’Malley M, Cohen S, Watford K, Labadie RF. Intratympanic dexamethasone for sudden sensorineural hearing loss after failure of systemic therapy. Laryngoscope. 2007;117: 3-15.
19. Yamahara K, Yamamoto N, Nakagawa T, Ito J. Insulin-like growth factor 1: a novel treatment for the protection or regeneration of cochlear hair cells. Hear Res. 2015;330(pt A):2-9.
20. Silverstein H, Choo D, Rosenberg SI, Kuhn J, Seidman M, Stein I. Intratympanic steroid treatment of inner ear disease and tinnitus (preliminary report). Ear Nose Throat J 1996;75:468–471.
21. Wilson WR, Byl FM, Laird N. The efficacy of steroids in the treatment of idiopathic sudden hearing loss. A double-blind clinical study. Arch Otolaryngol 1980; 106: 772-6.
22. Moskowitz D, Lee KJ, Smith HW. Steroid use in idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss. Laryngoscope 1984; 94(5 Pt 1): 664-6.
23. Rarey KE, Luttge WG. Presence of type I and type II/IB receptors for adrenocorticosteroid hormones in the inner ear. Hear Res 1989;41:217–221.
24. Lin DW, Trune DR. Breakdown of stria vascularis bloodlabyrinth barrier in C3H/lpr autoimmune disease mice. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1997;117:1–8.
25. Stockroos RJ, Albers FW, Schirm J. The etiology of idiopathic sudden sensori neura lhearing loss. Experimental herpes simplex virus infection of the inner ear. Am J Otol 1998;19: 447–452.
26. Nagura M, Iwasaki S, Wu R, et al. Effects of corticosteroid, contrast medium and ATP on focal microcirculatory disorders of the cochlea. Eur J Pharmacol 1999;366:47–53.
27. TabuchiK, OikawaK, UemaetomariI, TsujiS, WadaT, Hara A. Glucocorticoids and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate ameliorate ischemia-induced injury of the cochlea. Hear Res 2003;180:51–56.
28. Lamm K, Arnold W. The effect of prednisolone and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents on the normal and noise-damaged guinea pig inner ear. Hear Res 1998;115:149–161.
29. Yao X, Buhi WC, Alvarez IM, Curtis LM, Rarey KE. De novo synthesis of glucocorticoid hormone regulated inner ear proteins in rats. Hear Res 1995; 86:183–188.
30. GS, Song HT, Keithley EM, Harris JP. Intratympanic immunosuppressives for prevention of immune-mediated sensorineural hearing loss. Am J Otol 2000; 21: 499-504.
31. Lautermann J, Sudhoff H, Junker R. Transtympanic corticoid therapy for acute profound hearing loss. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2005; 262: 587-91.
32. Park MK, Lee CK, Park KH, Lee JD, Lee CG, Lee BD. Simultaneous versus subsequent intratympanic dexamethasone for idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2011;145:1016-1021.
33. Lee JB, Choi SJ, Park K, Park HY, Choo OS, Choung YH. The efficiency of intratympanic dexamethasone injection as a sequential treatment after initial systemic steroid therapy for sudden sensorineural hearing loss. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2011;268:833-839.
34. Li P, Zeng XL, Ye J, Yang QT, Zhang GH, Li Y. Intratympanic methylprednisolone improves hearing function in refractory sudden sensorineural hearing loss: a control study. Audiol Neurootol. 2011;16:198-202.
35. Wu HP, Chou YF, Yu SH, Wang CP, Hsu CJ, Chen PR. Intratympanic steroid injections as a salvage treatment for sudden sensorineural hearing loss: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Otol Neurotol. 2011;32:774-779.
36. Zhou Y, Zheng H, Zhang Q, Campione PA. Early transtympanic steroid injection in patients with ‘‘poor prognosis’’ idiopathic sensorineural sudden hearing loss. ORL J Otorhinolaryngol Relat Spec. 2011;73:31-37.
37. Crane RA, Camilon M, Nguyen S, Meyer TA. Steroids for treatment of sudden sensorineural hearing loss: a metaanalysis of randomized controlled trials. Laryngoscope. 2015; 125:209-217.
38. Garavello W, Galluzzi F, Gaini RM, Zanetti D. Intratympanic steroid treatment for sudden deafness: a metaanalysis of randomized controlled trials. Otol Neurotol. 2012; 33:724-729.
39. Barreto MA, Ledesma AL, de Oliveira CA, Bahmad F Jr. Intratympanic corticosteroid for sudden hearing loss: does it really work? Braz J Otorhinolaryngol. 2016;82:353-364.
40. Li H, Feng G, Wang H, Feng Y. Intratympanic steroid therapy as a salvage treatment for sudden sensorineural hearing loss after failure of conventional therapy: a meta-analysis of randomized, controlled trials. Clin Ther. 2015;37:178-187.
41. Ng JH, Ho RC, Cheong CS, Ng A, Yuen HW, Ngo RY. Intratympanic steroids as a salvage treatment for sudden sensorineural hearing loss? A meta-analysis. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2015;272:2777-2782.
42. Spear SA, Schwartz SR. Intratympanic steroids for sudden sensorineural hearing loss: a systematic review. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2011;145:534-543.
43. Chandrasekhar SS, Rubinstein RY, Kwartler JA, et al. Dexamethasone pharmacokinetics in the inner ear: comparison of route of administration and use of facilitating agents. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2000;122:521–528.
44. Bachmann G, Su J, Zumegen C, Wittekindt C, Michel O. Permeabilitat der runden Fenstermembran fur Prednisolon-21-Hydrogensuccinat. Prednisolongehalt der Perilymphe nach lokaler Applikation vs. systemischer Injektion. HNO 2001;49:538–542.
45. Gianoli GJ, Li JC. Transtympanic steroids for treatment of sudden hearing loss. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2001; 125:142–146.
46. Nordang L, Linder B, Anniko M. Morphologic changes in round window membrane after topical hydrocortisone and dexamethasone treatment. Otol Neurotol 2003;24: 339–343.
47. Yang GSY, Song HT, Keithley EM, Harris JP. Intratympanic immunosuppressives for prevention of immunemediated sensorineural hearing loss. Am J Otol 2000;21: 499–504.
48. Dispenza F, Kulamarva G, De Stefano A. Pharmacokinetics of drugs in transtympanic administration. Otorinolaringol 2010;60:141-
49. Sujana S,Betty S, et al. Clinical Practice Guideline: Sudden Hearing loss (Update).Otolarygngology Head and Neck Surgery, 2019; Vol.161(IS)S1-S45
50. Suzuki H, Kawaguchi R, Wakasugi T, Do BH, Kitamura T, Ohbuchi T. Efficacy of Intratympanic Steroid on Idiopathic Sudden Sensorineural Hearing Loss: An Analysis of Cases With Negative Prognostic Factors. Am J Audiol. 2019 Jun 10;28(2):308-314.
51. Gianoli GJ, Li JC. Transtympanic steroids for treatment of sudden hearing loss. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2001; 125: 142-6.
52. Slattery WH, Fisher LM, Iqbal Z, Friedman RA, Liu N. Intratympanic steroid injection for treatment of idiopathic sudden hearing loss. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2005; 133: 251-9.
53. Dallan I, Bruschini L, Nacci A, Bruschini P, Traino C, Rognini F, et al. Transtympanic steroids as a salvage therapy in sudden hearing loss: preliminary results. ORL J Otorhinolaryngol Relat Spec 2006; 68: 247-52.
54. Shaia FT, Sheehy J. Sudden sensorineural hearing impairment: a report of 1220 cases. Laryngoscope 1976; 86:389–398.
55. Fukui M, Kitagawa Y, Nakamura N, et al. Idiopathic sudden hearing loss in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2004;63:205–211.
56. Ho HG, Lin HC, Shu MT, Yang CC, Tsai HT. Effectiveness of intratympanic dexamethasone injecpltion in sudden-deafness patients as salvage treatment. Laryngoscope 2004; 114: 1184-9.
57. Plaza G, Herraiz C. Intratympanic steroids for treatment of sudden hearing loss after failure of intravenous therapy. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2007; 137: 74-8.
58. Haynes DS, O’Malley M, Cohen S, Watford K, Labadie RF. Intratympanic dexamethasone for sudden sensorineural hearing loss after failure of systemic therapy. Laryngoscope 2007; 117: 3-15.
59. Banerjee A, Parnes LS. Intratympanic corticosteroids for sudden idiopathic sensorineural hearing loss. Otol Neurotol 2005; 26: 878-81.
60. Herr BD, Marzo SJ. Intratympanic steroid perfusion for refractory sudden sensorineural hearing loss. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2005; 132: 527-31.
61. Cruickshanks KJ, Klein R, Klein BE, Wiley TL, Nondahl DM, Tweed TS. Cigarette smoking and hearing loss: the epidemiology of hearing loss study. JAMA. 1998 Jun 3;279(21):1715-9.
62. Gopinath B, Flood VM, McMahon CM, Burlutsky G, Smith W, Mitchell P. The effects of smoking and alcohol consumption on age-related hearing loss: the Blue Mountains Hearing Study. Ear Hear. 2010 Apr;31(2):277-82.
63. Barone JA, Peters JM, Garabrant DH, Bernstein L, Krebsbach R. Smoking as a risk factor in noise-induced hearing loss. J Occup Med. 1987 Sep;29(9):741-5.
64. Byl FM Jr. Sudden hearing loss: eight years’ experience and suggested prognostic table. Laryngoscope 1984;94: 647–661.
65. Mattox DE, Simmons FB. Natural history of sudden sensorineural hearing loss. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 1977;86: 463–480.
2. Byl FM Jr. Sudden hearing loss: eight years’ experience and suggested prognostic table. Laryngoscope 1984;94: 647–661.
3. Mattox DE, Simmons FB. Natural history of sudden sensorineural hearing loss. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol. 1977;86:463-480.
4. Dispenza F, Amodio E, De Stefano A, Gallina S, Marchese D, Mathur N, Riggio F. Treatment of sudden sensorineural hearing loss with transtympanic injection of steroids as single therapy: a randomized clinical study. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2011 Sep;268(9):1273-8.
5. Paulo Roberto Lazarini, Ana Cristina Kfouri Camargo,Idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss: etiopathogenic aspects,Brazilian Journal of Otorhinolaryngology,Volume. 2006;72:554-561.
6. Federspil P. Drug-induced sudden hearing loss and vestibular disturbances. Adv Otorhinolaryngol. 1981;27:144-158.
7. Govindaraju R, Omar R, Rajagopalan R, Norlisah R, KwanHoong N. Hearing loss after noise exposure. Auris Nasus Larynx. 2011;38:519-522.
8. Norris CH. Drugs affecting the inner ear: a review of their clinical efficacy, mechanisms of action, toxicity, and place in therapy. Drugs. 1988;36:754-772.
9. Saunders JE, Luxford WM, Devgan KK, Fetterman BL. Sudden hearing loss in acoustic neuroma patients. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1995;113:23-31.
10. Dispenza F, De Stefano A, Costantino C, Marchese D, Riggio F. Sudden sensorineural hearing loss: results of intratympanic steroids as salvage treatment. Am J Otolaryngol. 2013 Jul-Aug;34(4):296-300.
11. Kuhn M, Heman-Ackah SE, Shaikh JA, Roehm PC. Sudden sensorineural hearing loss: a review of diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis. Trends Amplif. 2011;15(3):91-105.
12. Eftekharian A, Amizadeh M. Pulse steroid therapy in idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss: a randomized controlled clinical trial. Laryngoscope. 2016;126:150-155.
13. Filipo R, Attanasio G, Russo FY, Viccaro M, Mancini P, Covelli E. Intratympanic steroid therapy in moderate sudden hearing loss: a randomized, triple-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Laryngoscope. 2013;123:774-778.
14. Gundogan O, Pinar E, Imre A, Ozturkcan S, Cokmez O, Yigiter AC. Therapeutic efficacy of the combination of intratympanic methylprednisolone and oral steroid for idiopathic sudden deafness. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2013;149: 753-758.
15. Parnes LS, Sun AH, Freeman DJ. Corticosteroid pharmacokinetics in the inner ear fluids: an animal study followed by clinical application. Laryngoscope. 1999 Jul;109(7 Pt 2):1-17.
16. Stachler RJ, Chandrasekhar SS, Archer SM, et al. Clinical practice guideline: sudden hearing loss. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2012;146(3):S1-S35.
17. Fetterman BL, Saunders JE, Luxford WM. Prognosis and treatment of sudden sensorineural hearing loss. Am J Otol. 1996; 17:529-536.
18. Haynes DS, O’Malley M, Cohen S, Watford K, Labadie RF. Intratympanic dexamethasone for sudden sensorineural hearing loss after failure of systemic therapy. Laryngoscope. 2007;117: 3-15.
19. Yamahara K, Yamamoto N, Nakagawa T, Ito J. Insulin-like growth factor 1: a novel treatment for the protection or regeneration of cochlear hair cells. Hear Res. 2015;330(pt A):2-9.
20. Silverstein H, Choo D, Rosenberg SI, Kuhn J, Seidman M, Stein I. Intratympanic steroid treatment of inner ear disease and tinnitus (preliminary report). Ear Nose Throat J 1996;75:468–471.
21. Wilson WR, Byl FM, Laird N. The efficacy of steroids in the treatment of idiopathic sudden hearing loss. A double-blind clinical study. Arch Otolaryngol 1980; 106: 772-6.
22. Moskowitz D, Lee KJ, Smith HW. Steroid use in idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss. Laryngoscope 1984; 94(5 Pt 1): 664-6.
23. Rarey KE, Luttge WG. Presence of type I and type II/IB receptors for adrenocorticosteroid hormones in the inner ear. Hear Res 1989;41:217–221.
24. Lin DW, Trune DR. Breakdown of stria vascularis bloodlabyrinth barrier in C3H/lpr autoimmune disease mice. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1997;117:1–8.
25. Stockroos RJ, Albers FW, Schirm J. The etiology of idiopathic sudden sensori neura lhearing loss. Experimental herpes simplex virus infection of the inner ear. Am J Otol 1998;19: 447–452.
26. Nagura M, Iwasaki S, Wu R, et al. Effects of corticosteroid, contrast medium and ATP on focal microcirculatory disorders of the cochlea. Eur J Pharmacol 1999;366:47–53.
27. TabuchiK, OikawaK, UemaetomariI, TsujiS, WadaT, Hara A. Glucocorticoids and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate ameliorate ischemia-induced injury of the cochlea. Hear Res 2003;180:51–56.
28. Lamm K, Arnold W. The effect of prednisolone and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents on the normal and noise-damaged guinea pig inner ear. Hear Res 1998;115:149–161.
29. Yao X, Buhi WC, Alvarez IM, Curtis LM, Rarey KE. De novo synthesis of glucocorticoid hormone regulated inner ear proteins in rats. Hear Res 1995; 86:183–188.
30. GS, Song HT, Keithley EM, Harris JP. Intratympanic immunosuppressives for prevention of immune-mediated sensorineural hearing loss. Am J Otol 2000; 21: 499-504.
31. Lautermann J, Sudhoff H, Junker R. Transtympanic corticoid therapy for acute profound hearing loss. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2005; 262: 587-91.
32. Park MK, Lee CK, Park KH, Lee JD, Lee CG, Lee BD. Simultaneous versus subsequent intratympanic dexamethasone for idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2011;145:1016-1021.
33. Lee JB, Choi SJ, Park K, Park HY, Choo OS, Choung YH. The efficiency of intratympanic dexamethasone injection as a sequential treatment after initial systemic steroid therapy for sudden sensorineural hearing loss. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2011;268:833-839.
34. Li P, Zeng XL, Ye J, Yang QT, Zhang GH, Li Y. Intratympanic methylprednisolone improves hearing function in refractory sudden sensorineural hearing loss: a control study. Audiol Neurootol. 2011;16:198-202.
35. Wu HP, Chou YF, Yu SH, Wang CP, Hsu CJ, Chen PR. Intratympanic steroid injections as a salvage treatment for sudden sensorineural hearing loss: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Otol Neurotol. 2011;32:774-779.
36. Zhou Y, Zheng H, Zhang Q, Campione PA. Early transtympanic steroid injection in patients with ‘‘poor prognosis’’ idiopathic sensorineural sudden hearing loss. ORL J Otorhinolaryngol Relat Spec. 2011;73:31-37.
37. Crane RA, Camilon M, Nguyen S, Meyer TA. Steroids for treatment of sudden sensorineural hearing loss: a metaanalysis of randomized controlled trials. Laryngoscope. 2015; 125:209-217.
38. Garavello W, Galluzzi F, Gaini RM, Zanetti D. Intratympanic steroid treatment for sudden deafness: a metaanalysis of randomized controlled trials. Otol Neurotol. 2012; 33:724-729.
39. Barreto MA, Ledesma AL, de Oliveira CA, Bahmad F Jr. Intratympanic corticosteroid for sudden hearing loss: does it really work? Braz J Otorhinolaryngol. 2016;82:353-364.
40. Li H, Feng G, Wang H, Feng Y. Intratympanic steroid therapy as a salvage treatment for sudden sensorineural hearing loss after failure of conventional therapy: a meta-analysis of randomized, controlled trials. Clin Ther. 2015;37:178-187.
41. Ng JH, Ho RC, Cheong CS, Ng A, Yuen HW, Ngo RY. Intratympanic steroids as a salvage treatment for sudden sensorineural hearing loss? A meta-analysis. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2015;272:2777-2782.
42. Spear SA, Schwartz SR. Intratympanic steroids for sudden sensorineural hearing loss: a systematic review. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2011;145:534-543.
43. Chandrasekhar SS, Rubinstein RY, Kwartler JA, et al. Dexamethasone pharmacokinetics in the inner ear: comparison of route of administration and use of facilitating agents. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2000;122:521–528.
44. Bachmann G, Su J, Zumegen C, Wittekindt C, Michel O. Permeabilitat der runden Fenstermembran fur Prednisolon-21-Hydrogensuccinat. Prednisolongehalt der Perilymphe nach lokaler Applikation vs. systemischer Injektion. HNO 2001;49:538–542.
45. Gianoli GJ, Li JC. Transtympanic steroids for treatment of sudden hearing loss. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2001; 125:142–146.
46. Nordang L, Linder B, Anniko M. Morphologic changes in round window membrane after topical hydrocortisone and dexamethasone treatment. Otol Neurotol 2003;24: 339–343.
47. Yang GSY, Song HT, Keithley EM, Harris JP. Intratympanic immunosuppressives for prevention of immunemediated sensorineural hearing loss. Am J Otol 2000;21: 499–504.
48. Dispenza F, Kulamarva G, De Stefano A. Pharmacokinetics of drugs in transtympanic administration. Otorinolaringol 2010;60:141-
49. Sujana S,Betty S, et al. Clinical Practice Guideline: Sudden Hearing loss (Update).Otolarygngology Head and Neck Surgery, 2019; Vol.161(IS)S1-S45
50. Suzuki H, Kawaguchi R, Wakasugi T, Do BH, Kitamura T, Ohbuchi T. Efficacy of Intratympanic Steroid on Idiopathic Sudden Sensorineural Hearing Loss: An Analysis of Cases With Negative Prognostic Factors. Am J Audiol. 2019 Jun 10;28(2):308-314.
51. Gianoli GJ, Li JC. Transtympanic steroids for treatment of sudden hearing loss. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2001; 125: 142-6.
52. Slattery WH, Fisher LM, Iqbal Z, Friedman RA, Liu N. Intratympanic steroid injection for treatment of idiopathic sudden hearing loss. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2005; 133: 251-9.
53. Dallan I, Bruschini L, Nacci A, Bruschini P, Traino C, Rognini F, et al. Transtympanic steroids as a salvage therapy in sudden hearing loss: preliminary results. ORL J Otorhinolaryngol Relat Spec 2006; 68: 247-52.
54. Shaia FT, Sheehy J. Sudden sensorineural hearing impairment: a report of 1220 cases. Laryngoscope 1976; 86:389–398.
55. Fukui M, Kitagawa Y, Nakamura N, et al. Idiopathic sudden hearing loss in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2004;63:205–211.
56. Ho HG, Lin HC, Shu MT, Yang CC, Tsai HT. Effectiveness of intratympanic dexamethasone injecpltion in sudden-deafness patients as salvage treatment. Laryngoscope 2004; 114: 1184-9.
57. Plaza G, Herraiz C. Intratympanic steroids for treatment of sudden hearing loss after failure of intravenous therapy. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2007; 137: 74-8.
58. Haynes DS, O’Malley M, Cohen S, Watford K, Labadie RF. Intratympanic dexamethasone for sudden sensorineural hearing loss after failure of systemic therapy. Laryngoscope 2007; 117: 3-15.
59. Banerjee A, Parnes LS. Intratympanic corticosteroids for sudden idiopathic sensorineural hearing loss. Otol Neurotol 2005; 26: 878-81.
60. Herr BD, Marzo SJ. Intratympanic steroid perfusion for refractory sudden sensorineural hearing loss. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2005; 132: 527-31.
61. Cruickshanks KJ, Klein R, Klein BE, Wiley TL, Nondahl DM, Tweed TS. Cigarette smoking and hearing loss: the epidemiology of hearing loss study. JAMA. 1998 Jun 3;279(21):1715-9.
62. Gopinath B, Flood VM, McMahon CM, Burlutsky G, Smith W, Mitchell P. The effects of smoking and alcohol consumption on age-related hearing loss: the Blue Mountains Hearing Study. Ear Hear. 2010 Apr;31(2):277-82.
63. Barone JA, Peters JM, Garabrant DH, Bernstein L, Krebsbach R. Smoking as a risk factor in noise-induced hearing loss. J Occup Med. 1987 Sep;29(9):741-5.
64. Byl FM Jr. Sudden hearing loss: eight years’ experience and suggested prognostic table. Laryngoscope 1984;94: 647–661.
65. Mattox DE, Simmons FB. Natural history of sudden sensorineural hearing loss. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 1977;86: 463–480.
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โสภาเนตร ส. (2022). Factors Effecting Hearing Improvement in Idiopathic Sudden Sensorineural Hearing Loss Patients with Intratympanic Dexamethasone Injection as a Salvage Treatment after Failure of Oral Prednisolone Therapy. Hua Hin Medical Journal, 2(1), 34–46. Retrieved from https://he01.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/hhsk/article/view/254088
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