Anti-Acne-Causing Bacterial and Anti-tyrosinase Activities and Chemical Content of Chatuphalathika Herbal Extracts Derived from Different Extraction Methods
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Abstract
Introduction and Objectives: Bacteria are an important cause of acne. After acne appears, inflammation is induced, leading to tyrosinase activity, and ultimately, dark spots occur. Jatupalathika herbal formula consists of four plant ingredients in equal ratios: Terminalia chebula Retz., Terminalia arjuna (Roxb. ex DC.) Wight & Arn., Terminalia bellirica (Gaertn.) Roxb. and Phyllanthus emblica L. The plant ingredients of the Jatupalathika remedy contain phenolic compounds and tannin that have been reported to inhibit bacteria causing acne and tyrosinase enzyme. However, the Jatupalathika herbal formula has not yet been reported as antibacterial, or anti-tyrosinase. Therefore, this study compared extraction methods for chemical content and anti-bacterial and anti-tyrosinase activities of Jatupalathika.
Methods: Jatupalathika was extracted using ethanol and water. Then the extracts were tested for antibacterial activity by broth microdilution. Anti-tyrosinase activity was investigated using L-dopachrome, and chemical analysis by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).
Results: The maceration ethanolic extract of Jatupalathika showed the highest antibacterial activity against C. acnes, S. aureus, and S.epidermidis. The reflux ethanolic extract of Jatupalathika had a similar effect to the maceration ethanolic extract. Moreover, the maceration ethanolic extract expressed the highest anti-tyrosinase activity and chemical content, followed by reflux ethanolic extract and aqueous extract.
Discussion: The maceration ethanolic extract of Jatupalathika showed the best effect and highest chemical content. Ethanol extraction apparently increases active compound stability, while maceration is extraction without heating. This is unlike reflux and decoction extraction methods with direct heating that affects active compound degradation. In this way, the heating process may reduce antibacterial and anti-tyrosinase activities.
Conclusions and Suggestions: Maceration in ethanol is a suitable method for extracting Jatupalathika. It produced Jatupalathika extract showing the highest chemical content, antibacterial and anti-tyrosinase activities; the result was suitable for a product inhibiting bacteria causing acne. Jatupalathika obtained by reflux extraction had the highest bacterial inhibition, similar to maceration with ethanol. For suitable extraction, macerate in 95% ethanol to obtain effective extracts, which may help future product development planning.
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