The Prevention of Obesity and Chronic Degenerative Disease by Exercise and Weight Control
Abstract
The prevention of chronic non communicable diseases become an important issue to discuss worldwide. Since this diseases known to be the primary cause of mortality now a days instead of infection diseases. Then mortality rate can be reduced by preventing the risk factors that could cause the disease. The advance of modern technology offer a convenient lifestyle with a lower physical activity which can eventually leads to, overweight and obesity. Obesity is one of the most common factors for chronic degenerative diseases. Even though overweight is not the direct factor contributes to chronic non communicable diseases, however, the prevention of overweight is needed before the developing of obesity occurred. Weight control is the important intervention for overweight. Theoretically, the main idea of weight control is the balance between the energy intake per day and increasing the energy expenditure per day e.g., exercising. If the overweight populations apply the concept to their habit, it can initiate weight loss and reduce risk factor of chronic non communicable diseases.
References
Ahima, R. S., and Antwi, D. A. (2008). "Brain regulation of appetite and satiety". Endocrinology Metabolism Clinics of North America.37(4):811-823.
Alberti, K. G., Zimmet, P., & Shaw, J. (2006). "Metabolic syndrome--a new world-wide definition. A Consensus Statement from the International Diabetes Federation". Diabetic medicine. 23(5). 469-480.
Brown, W. V., Fujioka, K., Wilson, P. W., and Woodworth, K. A. (2009). "Obesity: why be concerned?"American Journal of Medicine.(122):4-11.
Chan, R. S., and Woo, J. (2010). "Prevention of overweight and obesity: how effective is the current public health approach". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 7(3) : 765-783.
Donnelly, J. E., et al. (2009). "American College of Sports Medicine Position Stand. Appropriate physical activity intervention strategies for weight loss and prevention of weight regain for adults".Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise.41(2):459-471.
Donnelly, J. E., et al. (2013). "Aerobic exercise alone results in clinically significant weight loss for men and women: midwest exercise trial 2". Obesity (Silver Spring).21(3): 219-228.
Drewnowski, A. (2009). "Obesity, diets, and social inequalities". Nutrition Reviews.67(1): 36-39.
Flegal, K. M., Graubard, B. I., Williamson, D. F., and Gail, M. H. (2007). "Cause-specific excess deaths associated with underweight, overweight, and obesity". Journal of the American Medical Association.298(17):2028-2037.
Fock, K. M., and Khoo, J. (2013). "Diet and exercise in management of obesity and overweight". Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology.28(4):59-63.
Guh, D. P., Zhang, W., Bansback, N., Amarsi, Z., Birmingham, C. L., and Anis, A. H. (2009). "The incidence of co-morbidities related to obesity and overweight: a systematic review and meta-analysis". BMC Public Health.9:88.
Hall, K. D., Heymsfield, S. B., Kemnitz, J. W., Klein, S., Schoeller, D. A., and Speakman, J. R. (2012). "Energy balance and its components: implications for body weight regulation". The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition.95(4):989-994.
Han, T. S., Seidell, J. C., Currall, J. E., Morrison, C. E., Deurenberg, P., and Lean, M. E. (1997). "The influences of height and age on waist circumference as an index of adiposity in adults". International journal of obesity and related metabolic disorders.21(1):83-89.
Han, T. S., van Leer, E. M., Seidell, J. C., and Lean, M. E. (1995). "Waist circumference action levels in the identification of cardiovascular risk factors: prevalence study in a random sample". BMJ.311(7017):1401-1405.
Hill, J. O., Wyatt, H., Phelan, S., and Wing, R. (2005). "The National Weight Control Registry: is it useful in helping deal with our obesity epidemic?".Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior. 37(4) : 206-210.
Hornbuckle, L. M., Bassett, D. R., Jr., and Thompson, D. L. (2005). "Pedometer-determined walking and body composition variables in African-American women". Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise. 37(6) : 1069-1074.
Klein, S., Allison, D. B., Heymsfield, S. B., Kelley, D. E., Leibel, R. L., Nonas, C., and Kahn, R. (2007). "Waist Circumference and Cardiometabolic Risk: a Consensus Statement from Shaping America's Health: Association for Weight Management and Obesity Prevention; NAASO, the Obesity Society; the American Society for Nutrition; and the American Diabetes Association". Obesity (Silver Spring). 15(5) : 1061-1067.
Poehlman, E. T. (1989). "A review: exercise and its influence on resting energy metabolism in man". Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise. 21(5) : 515-525.
Powers, S., and Howley, T. (2015). "Exercise PhysiologyTheory and Application to Fitness and Performance". Ninth Edition. New York. McGraw-Hill Education.
Ross, R., Dagnone, D., Jones, P. J., Smith, H., Paddags, A., Hudson, R., and Janssen, I. (2000). "Reduction in obesity and related comorbid conditions after diet-induced weight loss or exercise-induced weight loss in men". A randomized, controlled trial. Annals of Internal Medicine. 133(2) : 92-103.
Ross, R., Freeman, J. A., and Janssen, I. (2000). "Exercise alone is an effective strategy for reducing obesity and related comorbidities". Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews. 28(4) : 165-170.
Speakman, J. R., and Selman, C. (2003). "Physical activity and resting metabolic rate". Proceedings of the Nutrition Society. 62(3) : 621-634.
Thompson, D. L., Rakow, J., and Perdue, S. M. (2004). "Relationship between accumulated walking and body composition in middle-aged women". Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise. 36(5) : 911-914.
Wang, J. W., Hu, D. Y., Sun, Y. H., Wang, J. H., Wang, G. L., Xie, J., and Zhou, Z. Q. (2009). "Obesity criteria for identifying metabolic risks". Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 18(1) : 105-113.
World health organization. (2000). "WHO Technical Report Series 894 Obesity:Preventing and Managing The Global Epidemic. Geneva, Switzerland.
