วิตามินดีและเบาหวานชนิดที่ 2
คำสำคัญ:
เบาหวานชนิดที่ 2, ภาวะขาดวิตามินดี, ภาวะดื้ออินซุลินบทคัดย่อ
The incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus has been increasing worldwide. Vitamin D
deficiency, or the awareness of its prevalence, has also been increasing. Vitamin D is becoming
increasingly accepted as an important physiological regulator outside of its classical role in
skeletal homeostasis. Recent years have witnessed a significant scientific interest with vitamin
D, and these interests have expanded to include immune modulation, cell differentiation
and proliferation, and inflammation regulation. As our understanding of the many functions
of vitamin D has grown, the presence of vitamin D deficiency has become one of the most
prevalent micronutrient deficiencies worldwide. Vitamin D may have a role in predisposing the
pathogenic mechanisms to type 2 diabetes, by modulating insulin resistance and/or pancreatic
beta-cell function. In this review, we discuss up to date evidence linking vitamin D with the
development of diabetes, as well as the role of vitamin D supplementation in the prevention
of type 2 diabetes, and its function in improving glycemic control. We also address the potential
role of vitamin D deficiency in the development of macro- and microvascular complications
from diabetes. Finally, we provide a recommendation for vitamin D therapy in diabetic patients,
in view of current evidence, and highlight areas for potential future research in this topic.
References
1. D’Aurizio F, Villalta D, Metus P, Doretto P,
Tozzoli R. Is vitamin D a player or not in the
2. pathophysiology of autoimmune thyroid
diseases? Autoimmun Rev. 2015; 14: 363-9.
3. Elizondo-Montemayor L, Castillo EC,
Rodriguez-Lopez C, Villarreal-Calderón
JR, Gómez-Carmona M, Tenorio-Martínez
S, et al. Seasonal Variation in Vitamin D
in Association with Age, Inflammatory
Cytokines, Anthropometric Parameters, and
Lifestyle Factors in Older Adults. Mediators
Inflamm. 2017; 2017: 5719461
4. Laird E, Ward M, McSorley E, Strain JJ,
Wallace J. Vitamin D and bone health:
potential mechanisms. Nutrients. 2010; 2:
693-724.
5. Wimalawansa SJ. Vitamin D in the new
millennium. Curr Osteoporos Rep. 2012;
10: 4-15.
6. McCarty MF. Poor vitamin D status may
contribute to high risk for insulin resistance,
obesity, and cardiovascular disease in Asian
Indians. Med Hypotheses. 2009; 72: 647-51.
7. Eggemoen AR, Knutsen KV, Dalen I, Jenum
AK. Vitamin D status in recently arrived
immigrants from Africa and Asia: a crosssectional
study from Norway of children,
adolescents and adults. BMJ Open. 2013;
3: e003293.
8. van Schoor NM, Lips P. Worldwide vitamin
D status. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol
Metab. 2011; 25: 671-80.
9. Holick MF. Vitamin D deficiency. N Engl J
Med. 2007; 357: 266-81.
10. Leahy JL. Pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes
mellitus. Arch Med Res. 2005; 36: 197-209.
11. Oosterwerff MM, Eekhoff EM, Heymans
MW, Lips P, van Schoor NM. Serum
25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and the
metabolic syndrome in older persons: a
population-based study. Clin Endocrinol
(Oxf). 2011; 75: 608-13.
12. Herrmann M, Sullivan DR, Veillard AS,
McCorquodale T, Straub IR, Scott R, et al.
Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D: a predictor
of macrovascular and microvascular
complications in patients with type 2
diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2015; 38: 521-8.
13. Powe CE, Ricciardi C, Berg AH, Erdenesanaa
D, Collerone G, Ankers E, et al. Vitamin
D-binding protein modifies the vitamin
D-bone mineral density relationship. J Bone
Miner Res. 2011; 26: 1609-16.
14. Kitson MT, Roberts SK. D-livering the
message: the importance of vitamin D
status in chronic liver disease. J Hepatol.
2012; 57: 897-909.
15. Hossein-nezhad A, Holick MF. Vitamin D
for health: a global perspective. Mayo Clin
Proc. 2013; 88: 720-55.
16. Chirita-Emandi A, Socolov D, Haivas C,
Calapis A, Gheorghiu C, Puiu M. Vitamin D
Status: A Different Story in the Very Young
versus the Very Old Romanian Patients.
PLoS One. 2015; 10: e0128010.
17. Hagenau T, Vest R, Gissel TN, et al. Global
vitamin D levels in relation to age, gender,
skin pigmentation and latitude: an ecologic
meta-regression analysis. Osteoporos Int.
2009; 20: 133-40.
18. Porojnicu AC, Robsahm TE, Dahlback A, Berg
JP, Christiani D, Bruland OS, et al. Seasonal
and geographical variations in lung cancer
prognosis in Norway. Does Vitamin D from
the sun play a role? Lung Cancer. 2007;
55: 263-70.
19. Grant WB. Ecological studies of the UVBvitamin
D-cancer hypothesis. Anticancer
Res. 2012; 32: 223-36.
20. Gagnon C, Lu ZX, Magliano DJ, Dunstan
DW, Shaw JE, Zimmet PZ, et al. Serum
25-hydroxyvitamin D, calcium intake,
and risk of type 2 diabetes after 5 years:
results from a national, population-based
prospective study (the Australian Diabetes,
Obesity and Lifestyle study). Diabetes Care.
2011; 34: 1133-8.
21. Schottker B, Herder C, Rothenbacher
D, Perna L, Muller H, Brenner H. Serum
25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and incident
diabetes mellitus type 2: a competing risk
analysis in a large population-based cohort
of older adults. Eur J Epidemiol. 2013; 28:
267-75.
22. Maestro B, Molero S, Bajo S, Davila N,
Calle C. Transcriptional activation of
the human insulin receptor gene by
1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3). Cell Biochem
Funct. 2002; 20: 227-32.
23. Leung PS. The Potential Protective Action
of Vitamin D in Hepatic Insulin Resistance
and Pancreatic Islet Dysfunction in Type 2
Diabetes Mellitus. Nutrients. 2016; 8: 147.
24. Martinez SC, Tanabe K, Cras-Meneur C,
Abumrad NA, Bernal-Mizrachi E, Permutt
MA. Inhibition of Foxo1 protects pancreatic
islet beta-cells against fatty acid and
endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced
apoptosis. Diabetes. 2008; 57: 846-59.
25. Veldman CM, Cantorna MT, DeLuca HF.
Expression of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3)
receptor in the immune system. Arch
Biochem Biophys. 2000; 374: 334-8.
26. Lemire JM. Immunomodulatory actions
of 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. J Steroid
Biochem Mol Biol. 1995; 53: 599-602.
27. Maestro B, Davila N, Carranza MC, Calle
C. Identification of a Vitamin D response
element in the human insulin receptor
gene promoter. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol.
2003; 84: 223-30.
28. Lu L, Yu Z, Pan A, Hu FB, Franco OH, Li
H, et al. Plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D
concentration and metabolic syndrome
among middle-aged and elderly Chinese
individuals. Diabetes Care. 2009; 32: 1278-
83.
29. von Hurst PR, Stonehouse W, Coad J.
Vitamin D supplementation reduces insulin
resistance in South Asian women living
in New Zealand who are insulin resistant
and vitamin D deficient - a randomised,
placebo-controlled trial. Br J Nutr. 2010;
103: 549-55.
30. Maestro B, Campion J, Davila N, Calle C.
Stimulation by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3
of insulin receptor expression and insulin
responsiveness for glucose transport in
U-937 human promonocytic cells. Endocr
J. 2000; 47: 383-91.
31. Dunlop TW, Vaisanen S, Frank C, Molnar
F, Sinkkonen L, Carlberg C. The human
peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor
delta gene is a primary target of 1alpha,25-
dihydroxyvitamin D3 and its nuclear
receptor. J Mol Biol. 2005; 349: 248-60.
32. Luquet S, Gaudel C, Holst D, et al. Roles
of PPAR delta in lipid absorption and
metabolism: a new target for the treatment
of type 2 diabetes. Biochim Biophys Acta.
2005; 1740: 313-7.
33. Scragg R, Sowers M, Bell C. Serum
25-hydroxyvitamin D, ethnicity, and blood
pressure in the Third National Health
and Nutrition Examination Survey. Am J
Hypertens. 2007; 20: 713-9.
34. Afzal S, Bojesen SE, Nordestgaard BG. Low
25-hydroxyvitamin D and risk of type 2
diabetes: a prospective cohort study and
metaanalysis. Clin Chem. 2013; 59: 381-91.
35. Wood AD, Secombes KR, Thies F, Aucott
L, Black AJ, Mavroeidi A, et al. Vitamin
D3 supplementation has no effect on
conventional cardiovascular risk factors:
a parallel-group, double-blind, placebocontrolled
RCT. J Clin Endocrinol Metab.
2012; 97: 3557-68.
36. Pittas AG, Dawson-Hughes B, Sheehan PR,
Rosen CJ(4), Ware JH(5), Knowler WC, et al.
Rationale and design of the Vitamin D and
Type 2 Diabetes (D2d) study: a diabetes
prevention trial. Diabetes Care. 2014; 37:
3227-34.
37. Kostoglou-Athanassiou I, Athanassiou P,
Gkountouvas A, Kaldrymides P. Vitamin D
and glycemic control in diabetes mellitus
type 2. Ther Adv Endocrinol Metab. 2013;
4: 122-8.
38. Olt S. Relationship between vitamin D and
glycemic control in patients with type 2
diabetes mellitus. Int J Clin Exp Med. 2015;
8: 19180-3.
39. Talaei A, Mohamadi M, Adgi Z. The effect of
vitamin D on insulin resistance in patients
with type 2 diabetes. Diabetol Metab Syndr.
2013; 5: 8.
40. Krul-Poel YH, Ter Wee MM, Lips P, Simsek
S. MANAGEMENT OF ENDOCRINE DISEASE:
The effect of vitamin D supplementation
on glycaemic control in patients with type
2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review
and meta-analysis. Eur J Endocrinol. 2017;
176: R1-R14.
41. Deng X, Cheng J, Shen M. Vitamin D
improves diabetic nephropathy in rats
by inhibiting renin and relieving oxidative
stress. J Endocrinol Invest. 2016; 39: 657-66.
42. Li YC. Podocytes as target of vitamin D. Curr
Diabetes Rev. 2011; 7: 35-40.
43. Yuan W, Pan W, Kong J, Zheng W, Szeto
FL, Wong KE, et al. 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin
D3 suppresses renin gene transcription
by blocking the activity of the cyclic
AMP response element in the renin gene
promoter. J Biol Chem. 2007; 282: 29821-
30.
44. Alborzi P, Patel NA, Peterson C, Bills JE,
Bekele DM, Bunaye Z, et al. Paricalcitol
reduces albuminuria and inflammation
in chronic kidney disease: a randomized
double-blind pilot trial. Hypertension. 2008;
52: 249-55.
45. de Boer IH, Sachs MC, Cleary PA, Hoofnagle
AN, Lachin JM, Molitch ME, et al. Circulating
vitamin D metabolites and kidney disease
in type 1 diabetes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab.
2012; 97: 4780-8.
46. de Zeeuw D, Agarwal R, Amdahl M,
Audhya P, Coyne D, Garimella T, et al.
Selective vitamin D receptor activation with
paricalcitol for reduction of albuminuria in
patients with type 2 diabetes (VITAL study):
a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2010;
376: 1543-51.
47. Derakhshanian H, Shab-Bidar S, Speakman
JR, Nadimi H, Djafarian K. Vitamin D and
diabetic nephropathy: A systematic review
and meta-analysis. Nutrition. 2015; 31:
1189-94.
48. Soderstrom LH, Johnson SP, Diaz VA,
Mainous AG 3rd. Association between
vitamin D and diabetic neuropathy in a
nationally representative sample: results
from 2001-2004 NHANES. Diabet Med. 2012;
29: 50-5.
49. Shehab D, Al-Jarallah K, Abdella N,
Mojiminiyi OA, Al Mohamedy H. Prospective
evaluation of the effect of short-term oral
vitamin d supplementation on peripheral
neuropathy in type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Med Princ Pract. 2015; 24: 250-6.
50. Van Belle TL, Gysemans C, Mathieu C.
Vitamin D and diabetes: the odd couple.
Trends Endocrinol Metab. 2013; 24: 561-8.
51. Lv WS, Zhao WJ, Gong SL, Fang DD, Wang
B, Fu ZJ, et al. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin
D levels and peripheral neuropathy in
patients with type 2 diabetes: a systematic
review and meta-analysis. J Endocrinol
Invest. 2015; 38: 513-8.
52. Bonakdaran S, Shoeibi N. Is there any
correlation between vitamin D insufficiency
and diabetic retinopathy? Int J Ophthalmol.
2015; 8: 326-31.
53. Alcubierre N, Valls J, Rubinat E, Cao G,
Esquerda A, Traveset A, et al. Vitamin D
Deficiency Is Associated with the Presence
and Severity of Diabetic Retinopathy in
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. J Diabetes Res.
2015; 2015: 374178.
54. Zhong X, Du Y, Lei Y, Liu N, Guo Y, Pan
T. Effects of vitamin D receptor gene
polymorphism and clinical characteristics
on risk of diabetic retinopathy in Han
Chinese type 2 diabetes patients. Gene.
2015; 566: 212-6.
55. Heidari B, Nargesi AA, Hafezi-Nejad N,
Sheikhbahaei S, Pajouhi A, Nakhjavani M,
et al. Assessment of serum 25-hydroxy
vitamin D improves coronary heart disease
risk stratification in patients with type 2
diabetes. Am Heart J. 2015; 170: 573-9 e5
Tozzoli R. Is vitamin D a player or not in the
2. pathophysiology of autoimmune thyroid
diseases? Autoimmun Rev. 2015; 14: 363-9.
3. Elizondo-Montemayor L, Castillo EC,
Rodriguez-Lopez C, Villarreal-Calderón
JR, Gómez-Carmona M, Tenorio-Martínez
S, et al. Seasonal Variation in Vitamin D
in Association with Age, Inflammatory
Cytokines, Anthropometric Parameters, and
Lifestyle Factors in Older Adults. Mediators
Inflamm. 2017; 2017: 5719461
4. Laird E, Ward M, McSorley E, Strain JJ,
Wallace J. Vitamin D and bone health:
potential mechanisms. Nutrients. 2010; 2:
693-724.
5. Wimalawansa SJ. Vitamin D in the new
millennium. Curr Osteoporos Rep. 2012;
10: 4-15.
6. McCarty MF. Poor vitamin D status may
contribute to high risk for insulin resistance,
obesity, and cardiovascular disease in Asian
Indians. Med Hypotheses. 2009; 72: 647-51.
7. Eggemoen AR, Knutsen KV, Dalen I, Jenum
AK. Vitamin D status in recently arrived
immigrants from Africa and Asia: a crosssectional
study from Norway of children,
adolescents and adults. BMJ Open. 2013;
3: e003293.
8. van Schoor NM, Lips P. Worldwide vitamin
D status. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol
Metab. 2011; 25: 671-80.
9. Holick MF. Vitamin D deficiency. N Engl J
Med. 2007; 357: 266-81.
10. Leahy JL. Pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes
mellitus. Arch Med Res. 2005; 36: 197-209.
11. Oosterwerff MM, Eekhoff EM, Heymans
MW, Lips P, van Schoor NM. Serum
25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and the
metabolic syndrome in older persons: a
population-based study. Clin Endocrinol
(Oxf). 2011; 75: 608-13.
12. Herrmann M, Sullivan DR, Veillard AS,
McCorquodale T, Straub IR, Scott R, et al.
Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D: a predictor
of macrovascular and microvascular
complications in patients with type 2
diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2015; 38: 521-8.
13. Powe CE, Ricciardi C, Berg AH, Erdenesanaa
D, Collerone G, Ankers E, et al. Vitamin
D-binding protein modifies the vitamin
D-bone mineral density relationship. J Bone
Miner Res. 2011; 26: 1609-16.
14. Kitson MT, Roberts SK. D-livering the
message: the importance of vitamin D
status in chronic liver disease. J Hepatol.
2012; 57: 897-909.
15. Hossein-nezhad A, Holick MF. Vitamin D
for health: a global perspective. Mayo Clin
Proc. 2013; 88: 720-55.
16. Chirita-Emandi A, Socolov D, Haivas C,
Calapis A, Gheorghiu C, Puiu M. Vitamin D
Status: A Different Story in the Very Young
versus the Very Old Romanian Patients.
PLoS One. 2015; 10: e0128010.
17. Hagenau T, Vest R, Gissel TN, et al. Global
vitamin D levels in relation to age, gender,
skin pigmentation and latitude: an ecologic
meta-regression analysis. Osteoporos Int.
2009; 20: 133-40.
18. Porojnicu AC, Robsahm TE, Dahlback A, Berg
JP, Christiani D, Bruland OS, et al. Seasonal
and geographical variations in lung cancer
prognosis in Norway. Does Vitamin D from
the sun play a role? Lung Cancer. 2007;
55: 263-70.
19. Grant WB. Ecological studies of the UVBvitamin
D-cancer hypothesis. Anticancer
Res. 2012; 32: 223-36.
20. Gagnon C, Lu ZX, Magliano DJ, Dunstan
DW, Shaw JE, Zimmet PZ, et al. Serum
25-hydroxyvitamin D, calcium intake,
and risk of type 2 diabetes after 5 years:
results from a national, population-based
prospective study (the Australian Diabetes,
Obesity and Lifestyle study). Diabetes Care.
2011; 34: 1133-8.
21. Schottker B, Herder C, Rothenbacher
D, Perna L, Muller H, Brenner H. Serum
25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and incident
diabetes mellitus type 2: a competing risk
analysis in a large population-based cohort
of older adults. Eur J Epidemiol. 2013; 28:
267-75.
22. Maestro B, Molero S, Bajo S, Davila N,
Calle C. Transcriptional activation of
the human insulin receptor gene by
1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3). Cell Biochem
Funct. 2002; 20: 227-32.
23. Leung PS. The Potential Protective Action
of Vitamin D in Hepatic Insulin Resistance
and Pancreatic Islet Dysfunction in Type 2
Diabetes Mellitus. Nutrients. 2016; 8: 147.
24. Martinez SC, Tanabe K, Cras-Meneur C,
Abumrad NA, Bernal-Mizrachi E, Permutt
MA. Inhibition of Foxo1 protects pancreatic
islet beta-cells against fatty acid and
endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced
apoptosis. Diabetes. 2008; 57: 846-59.
25. Veldman CM, Cantorna MT, DeLuca HF.
Expression of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3)
receptor in the immune system. Arch
Biochem Biophys. 2000; 374: 334-8.
26. Lemire JM. Immunomodulatory actions
of 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. J Steroid
Biochem Mol Biol. 1995; 53: 599-602.
27. Maestro B, Davila N, Carranza MC, Calle
C. Identification of a Vitamin D response
element in the human insulin receptor
gene promoter. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol.
2003; 84: 223-30.
28. Lu L, Yu Z, Pan A, Hu FB, Franco OH, Li
H, et al. Plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D
concentration and metabolic syndrome
among middle-aged and elderly Chinese
individuals. Diabetes Care. 2009; 32: 1278-
83.
29. von Hurst PR, Stonehouse W, Coad J.
Vitamin D supplementation reduces insulin
resistance in South Asian women living
in New Zealand who are insulin resistant
and vitamin D deficient - a randomised,
placebo-controlled trial. Br J Nutr. 2010;
103: 549-55.
30. Maestro B, Campion J, Davila N, Calle C.
Stimulation by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3
of insulin receptor expression and insulin
responsiveness for glucose transport in
U-937 human promonocytic cells. Endocr
J. 2000; 47: 383-91.
31. Dunlop TW, Vaisanen S, Frank C, Molnar
F, Sinkkonen L, Carlberg C. The human
peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor
delta gene is a primary target of 1alpha,25-
dihydroxyvitamin D3 and its nuclear
receptor. J Mol Biol. 2005; 349: 248-60.
32. Luquet S, Gaudel C, Holst D, et al. Roles
of PPAR delta in lipid absorption and
metabolism: a new target for the treatment
of type 2 diabetes. Biochim Biophys Acta.
2005; 1740: 313-7.
33. Scragg R, Sowers M, Bell C. Serum
25-hydroxyvitamin D, ethnicity, and blood
pressure in the Third National Health
and Nutrition Examination Survey. Am J
Hypertens. 2007; 20: 713-9.
34. Afzal S, Bojesen SE, Nordestgaard BG. Low
25-hydroxyvitamin D and risk of type 2
diabetes: a prospective cohort study and
metaanalysis. Clin Chem. 2013; 59: 381-91.
35. Wood AD, Secombes KR, Thies F, Aucott
L, Black AJ, Mavroeidi A, et al. Vitamin
D3 supplementation has no effect on
conventional cardiovascular risk factors:
a parallel-group, double-blind, placebocontrolled
RCT. J Clin Endocrinol Metab.
2012; 97: 3557-68.
36. Pittas AG, Dawson-Hughes B, Sheehan PR,
Rosen CJ(4), Ware JH(5), Knowler WC, et al.
Rationale and design of the Vitamin D and
Type 2 Diabetes (D2d) study: a diabetes
prevention trial. Diabetes Care. 2014; 37:
3227-34.
37. Kostoglou-Athanassiou I, Athanassiou P,
Gkountouvas A, Kaldrymides P. Vitamin D
and glycemic control in diabetes mellitus
type 2. Ther Adv Endocrinol Metab. 2013;
4: 122-8.
38. Olt S. Relationship between vitamin D and
glycemic control in patients with type 2
diabetes mellitus. Int J Clin Exp Med. 2015;
8: 19180-3.
39. Talaei A, Mohamadi M, Adgi Z. The effect of
vitamin D on insulin resistance in patients
with type 2 diabetes. Diabetol Metab Syndr.
2013; 5: 8.
40. Krul-Poel YH, Ter Wee MM, Lips P, Simsek
S. MANAGEMENT OF ENDOCRINE DISEASE:
The effect of vitamin D supplementation
on glycaemic control in patients with type
2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review
and meta-analysis. Eur J Endocrinol. 2017;
176: R1-R14.
41. Deng X, Cheng J, Shen M. Vitamin D
improves diabetic nephropathy in rats
by inhibiting renin and relieving oxidative
stress. J Endocrinol Invest. 2016; 39: 657-66.
42. Li YC. Podocytes as target of vitamin D. Curr
Diabetes Rev. 2011; 7: 35-40.
43. Yuan W, Pan W, Kong J, Zheng W, Szeto
FL, Wong KE, et al. 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin
D3 suppresses renin gene transcription
by blocking the activity of the cyclic
AMP response element in the renin gene
promoter. J Biol Chem. 2007; 282: 29821-
30.
44. Alborzi P, Patel NA, Peterson C, Bills JE,
Bekele DM, Bunaye Z, et al. Paricalcitol
reduces albuminuria and inflammation
in chronic kidney disease: a randomized
double-blind pilot trial. Hypertension. 2008;
52: 249-55.
45. de Boer IH, Sachs MC, Cleary PA, Hoofnagle
AN, Lachin JM, Molitch ME, et al. Circulating
vitamin D metabolites and kidney disease
in type 1 diabetes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab.
2012; 97: 4780-8.
46. de Zeeuw D, Agarwal R, Amdahl M,
Audhya P, Coyne D, Garimella T, et al.
Selective vitamin D receptor activation with
paricalcitol for reduction of albuminuria in
patients with type 2 diabetes (VITAL study):
a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2010;
376: 1543-51.
47. Derakhshanian H, Shab-Bidar S, Speakman
JR, Nadimi H, Djafarian K. Vitamin D and
diabetic nephropathy: A systematic review
and meta-analysis. Nutrition. 2015; 31:
1189-94.
48. Soderstrom LH, Johnson SP, Diaz VA,
Mainous AG 3rd. Association between
vitamin D and diabetic neuropathy in a
nationally representative sample: results
from 2001-2004 NHANES. Diabet Med. 2012;
29: 50-5.
49. Shehab D, Al-Jarallah K, Abdella N,
Mojiminiyi OA, Al Mohamedy H. Prospective
evaluation of the effect of short-term oral
vitamin d supplementation on peripheral
neuropathy in type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Med Princ Pract. 2015; 24: 250-6.
50. Van Belle TL, Gysemans C, Mathieu C.
Vitamin D and diabetes: the odd couple.
Trends Endocrinol Metab. 2013; 24: 561-8.
51. Lv WS, Zhao WJ, Gong SL, Fang DD, Wang
B, Fu ZJ, et al. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin
D levels and peripheral neuropathy in
patients with type 2 diabetes: a systematic
review and meta-analysis. J Endocrinol
Invest. 2015; 38: 513-8.
52. Bonakdaran S, Shoeibi N. Is there any
correlation between vitamin D insufficiency
and diabetic retinopathy? Int J Ophthalmol.
2015; 8: 326-31.
53. Alcubierre N, Valls J, Rubinat E, Cao G,
Esquerda A, Traveset A, et al. Vitamin D
Deficiency Is Associated with the Presence
and Severity of Diabetic Retinopathy in
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. J Diabetes Res.
2015; 2015: 374178.
54. Zhong X, Du Y, Lei Y, Liu N, Guo Y, Pan
T. Effects of vitamin D receptor gene
polymorphism and clinical characteristics
on risk of diabetic retinopathy in Han
Chinese type 2 diabetes patients. Gene.
2015; 566: 212-6.
55. Heidari B, Nargesi AA, Hafezi-Nejad N,
Sheikhbahaei S, Pajouhi A, Nakhjavani M,
et al. Assessment of serum 25-hydroxy
vitamin D improves coronary heart disease
risk stratification in patients with type 2
diabetes. Am Heart J. 2015; 170: 573-9 e5
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