Contamination and Antibiogram of Vibrio parahaemolyticus Isolated from Raw Oysters in Wet Markets, Bangkok
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Abstract
Vibrio parahaemolyticus is a primary causative agent of acute gastroenteritis associated with the consumption of raw seafood, particularly oysters. This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence, detect virulence genes, and determine the antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of V. parahaemolyticus isolated from raw oysters sold in wet markets in Bangkok. A cross-sectional study was conducted on 50 raw oyster samples collected from 14 markets. V. parahaemolyticus was isolated using standard culture methods on selective media (TCBS agar and CHROMagar™ Vibrio) and confirmed by biochemical tests and Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) for the toxR gene. Virulence genes identification, thermostable direct hemolysin (tdh) and TDH-related hemolysin (trh), were detected via Multiplex PCR. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing against 10 antibiotics was performed using the disk diffusion method. The results indicated that 22 of the 50 samples (44.0%) were contaminated with V. parahaemolyticus, from which 75 isolates were obtained. Notably, all 75 isolates (100%) were negative for both the tdh and trh virulence genes. Susceptibility testing on 29 representative isolates revealed that 9 isolates (31.03%) were resistant to at least one antibiotic. The highest resistance rate was observed against Ampicillin, followed by Cefoxitin, Tetracycline, Meropenem, and Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. Furthermore, one multidrug-resistant (MDR) isolate (3.45%) was identified. In conclusion, this study demonstrates a relatively high prevalence of V. parahaemolyticus in raw oysters from Bangkok markets. Although all isolates were non-pathogenic, the presence of antimicrobial-resistant strains, including MDR, highlights a significant food safety risk and underscores the necessity for continuous antimicrobial resistance surveillance and stringent hygiene management in the food chain.
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