Comparison of Urinary Organophosphate Metabolites and Health Effects between Conventional Farmers and Organic Farmers in Nakhon Sawan, Phitsanulok, and Yasothon Province
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Abstract
The objective of this cross-sectional study was to determine the concentration levels of organophosphate, which has been extensively used as pesticide. There was a comparison between two study populations; conventional farmers who normally used organophosphate pesticide in the agricultural field and organic farmers who were not using agrochemicals. Health effects were compared and assessed by using a questionnaire consisting of general information, health behavior, health effects after working on the farm, frequency of visiting the farm as well as the determination of 6 urinary organophosphate metabolites. The results indicated that both diethylphosphate (DEP) and diethylthiophosphate (DETP) can be found at the detectible rate of 74% of the conventional farmers and the mean urinary concentration of the total of DEP was 162.1 nmol/g creatinine (8.75 - 3,650 nmol/g creatinine). The mean concentrations of the total of dimethylphosphate (DMP) and diethylphosphate (DEP) of conventional farmers were significantly higher than those of organic farmers (p<0.05). The acute health effects of organophosphate poisoning including weakness, vomiting, and staggering occurred more frequently in conventional farmers than organic farmers. In terms of field visits of conventional farmers, increasing frequency of visits to the field were associated with higher concentrations of dimethylphosphate (DMP) in the urine samples due to higher chances of pesticide exposure. Changing from conventional farming to organic farming will be taken into account as the farmers will not be exposed directly to the hazardous agrochemicals.
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