Consumption of “Yum” (Thai Spicy Salad) and its Association with Energy Intake, Sodium Intake, and Weight Status among Gender-Diverse Male Population in Bangkok, Thailand

Abstract

The consumption of Thai spicy salads, particularly "yum," is popular in Thailand and often associated with gender-diverse populations. However, the nutritional implications of this diet trend have not been studied. This study aims to compare the daily energy intake, nutrient intake, and body weight between yum consumers and non-consumers among gender-diverse population assigned male at birth in Bangkok, Thailand. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 196 gender-diverse individuals assigned male at birth residing in Bangkok. Participants reported their height, weight, and dietary intake using a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire. Fifty-nine percent of the sample reported consuming yum at least once in the past week, with an average intake of 0.3 servings per day, providing 57 kcal and 482 mg of sodium. Yum consumers, compared to non-consumers, have higher energy (2,444 vs. 1,891 kcal/day respectively, p<0.001) and sodium intake (2,504 vs. 2,121 mg/1000 kcal/day respectively, p=0.04). However, there was no significant difference in body mass index (BMI) between the two groups (23.3 vs. 23.4 kg/m2, p=0.86). Yum is likely a popular food choice among gender-diverse individuals in Bangkok. While the energy contribution from yum consumption is relatively low, the sodium content is substantial (24% of the recommended daily intake of 2,000 mg/day). Additionally, meals containing yum may be accompanied by other foods and beverages, leading to increased overall energy and sodium intake.