Role of Probiotics in Skin
Keywords:
Probiotics, skin, aging, benefits, healthAbstract
The benefical effect of probiotics in gastrointestinal tract are now extensively researched, Although benefical effect of probiotics in skin are only a few studies but many studies including experiments in vitro, in vivo and in humans have been shown potential of probiotics for skin. Probiotics could reduce and prevent in aging skin, altered composition of the microflora changes, balanced and controlled of the skin pH, altered stratum corneum lipid composition, against oxidative stress, increased collagen level in skin, prevented and reduced eczema, recovered skin from sunburn as well as skin burn and wound. This article is to review on the current documentation of the role and the possible beneficial properties of probiotics in skin.
References
1. Cogen AL, Nizet V, Gallo RL. Skin microbiota: a source of disease or defence. Br J Dermatol 2008;158(3):442-55.
2. Bojar RA, Holland KT. The human cutaneous microflora and factors controlling colonisation. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2002;18(9):889-903.
3. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, World Health Organization. Guidelines for the evaluation of probiotics in food [Internet]. 2002 [Cited 2019 Aug 1]. Available from: https://www.who.int/foodsafety/fs_/en/probiotic_guidelines.pdf
4. Kober MM, Bowe WP. The effect of probiotics on immune regulation, acne, and photoaging. Int J Womens Dermatol 2015;1(2):85-9.
5. Caramia G, Atzei A, Fanos V. Probiotics and the skin. Clin Dermatol 2008;26(1):4-11.
6. Okada T, Konishi H, Ito M, Nagura H, Asai J. Identification of secretory immunoglobulin A in human sweat and sweat glands. J Clin Investig Dermatol 1988;90(5):648-51.
7. Metze D, Kersten A, Jurecka W, Gebhart W. Immunoglobulins coat microorganisms of skin surface: A comparative immunohistochemical and ultrastructural study of cutaneous and oral microbial symbionts. J Clin Investig Dermatol 1991;96(4).
8. Pohjavuori E, Viljanen M, Korpela R, Kuitunen M, Tiittanen M, Vaarala O, et al. Lactobacillus GG effect in increasing IFN‐γ production in infants with cow's milk allergy. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2004;114(1):131-6.
9. Lammers KM, Brigidi P, Vitali B, Gionchetti P, Rizzello F, Caramelli E, et al. Immunomodulatory effects of probiotic bacteria DNA: IL-1 and IL-10 response in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol 2003;38(2):165-72.
10. Prescott SL, Dunstan JA, Hale J, Breckler L, Lehmann H, Weston S, et al. Clinical effects of probiotics are associated with increased interferon‐γ responses in very young children with atopic dermatitis. Clin Exp Allergy 2005;35(12):1557-64.
11. Chapat L, Chemin K, Dubois B, Bourdet‐Sicard R, Kaiserlian D. Lactobacillus casei reduces CD8+ T cell‐mediated skin inflammation. Eur J Immunol 2004;34(9):2520-8.
12. Cross ML. Immunoregulation by probiotic lactobacilli: pro-Th1 signals and their relevance to human health. Clin Appl Immunol Rev 2002;1(3):115-25.
13. Krutmann J. Pre-and probiotics for human skin. J Dermatol Sci 2009;54(1):1-5.
14. Morris, SK. Skin microbiome colonizer formulations and methods for use [Internet]. 2018 [Cited 2019 Aug 1]. Available from: https://patents.google.com/patent/US20180325968A1/en
15. Putaala H, Tiihonen K, Rautonen N, Ouwehand A. Probiotic bacteria for the topical treatment of skin disorders [Internet]. 2016 [Cited 2019 Aug 1]. Available from: https://patents.google.com/patent/US20160008412A1/en
16. Miyazaki K, Hanamizu T, Sone T, Chiba K, Kinoshita T, Yoshikawa S. Topical application of Bifidobacterium-fermented soy milk extract containing genistein and daidzein improves rheological and physiological properties of skin. J Cosmet Sci 2004;55(5):473-80.
17. Miyazaki K, Hanamizu T, Iizuka R, Chiba K. Bifidobacterium-fermented soy milk extract stimulates hyaluronic acid production in human skin cells and hairless mouse skin. Skin Pharmacol Physiol 2003;16(2):108-16.
18. Baba H, Masuyama A, Takano T. Effects of Lactobacillus helveticus fermented milk on the differentiation of cultured normal human epidermal keratinocytes. J Dairy Sci 2006;89(6):2072-5.
19. Satoh T, Murata M, Iwabuchi N, Odamaki T, Wakabayashi H, Yamauchi K, et al. Effect of Bifidobacterium breve B-3 on skin photoaging induced by chronic UV irradiation in mice. Benef Microbes 2015; 6(4):497-504.
20. Kim HM, Lee DE, Park SD, Kim YT, Kim YJ, Kim YJ, et al. Oral administration of Lactobacillus plantarum HY7714 protects hairless mouse against ultraviolet B-induced photoaging. J Microbiol Biotechn 2014; 24(11):1583-91.
21. Lee DE, Huh CS, Ra J, Choi ID, Jeong JW, Kim SH, et al. Clinical evidence of effects of Lactobacillus plantarum HY7714 on skin aging: A randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled study. J Microbiol Biotechn. 2015;25(12):2160-8.
22. Kang S, Fisher GJ, Voorhees JJ. Photoaging and topical tretinoin: Therapy, pathogenesis, and prevention. Arch Dermatol 1997;133(10):1280-4.
23. Fisher GJ, Kang S, Varani J, Bata-Csorgo Z, Wan Y, Datta S, et al. Mechanisms of photoaging and chronological skin aging. Arch Dermatol 2002;138(11):1462-70.
24. Chung JH, Kang S, Varani J, Lin J, Fisher GJ, Voorhees JJ. Decreased extracellular-signal-regulated kinase and increased stress-activated MAP kinase activities in aged human skin in vivo. J Investig Dermatol 2000;115(2):177-82.
25. Varani J, Warner RL, Gharaee-Kermani M, Phan SH, Kang S, Chung J, et al. Vitamin a antagonizes decreased cell growth and elevated collagen-degrading matrix metalloproteinases and stimulates collagen accumulation in naturally aged human skin. J Investig Dermatol 2000;114(3):480-6.
26. Riccia DD, Bizzini F, Perilli MG, Polimeni A, Trinchieri V, Amicosante G, et al. Anti‐inflammatory effects of Lactobacillus brevis (CD2) on periodontal disease. Oral Dis 2007;13(4):376-85.
27. Moorthy G, Murali MR, Devaraj SN. Protective role of lactobacilli in Shigella dysenteriae1–induced diarrhea in rats. Nutrition 2007;23(5):424-33.
28. Cinque B. Probiotics in aging skin. In: Farage MA, Miller KW, Maibach HI, editors. Textbook of aging skin. Springer: Berlin; 2010.
29. Mauro T. SC pH: Measurement, origins, and functions. In: Elias P, Feingold K, editors. Skin barrier. New York: Taylor & Francis; 2006.
30. Lambers H, Piessens S, Bloem A, Pronk H, Finkel P. Natural skin surface pH is on average below 5, which is beneficial for its resident flora. Int J Cosmet Sci 2006;28(5):359-70.
31. Fluhr JW, Mao-Qiang M, Brown BE, Hachem JP, Moskowitz DG, Demerjian M, et al. Functional consequences of a neutral pH in neonatal rat stratum corneum. J Investig Dermatol 2004;123(1):140-51.
32. Hachem JP, Man MQ, Crumrine D, Uchida Y, Brown BE, Rogiers V, et al. Sustained serine proteases activity by prolonged increase in pH leads to degradation of lipid processing enzymes and profound alterations of barrier function and stratum corneum integrity. J Investig Dermatol. 2005;125(3):510-20.
33. Waller JM, Maibach HI. Age and skin structure and function, a quantitative approach (I): Blood flow, pH, thickness, and ultrasound echogenicity. Skin Res Technol 2005;11(4):221-35.
34. Choi EH, Man MQ, Xu P, Xin S, Liu Z, Crumrine DA, et al. Stratum corneum acidification is impaired in moderately aged human and murine skin. J Investig Dermatol 2007;127(12):2847-56.
35. Yadav H, Jain S, Sinha PR. Production of free fatty acids and conjugated linoleic acid in probiotic dahi containing Lactobacillus acidophilus and Lactobacillus casei during fermentation and storage. Int Dairy J 2007;17(8):1006-10.
36. Grove GL, Kligman AM. Age-associated changes in human epidermal cell renewal. J Gerontol 1983;38(2):137-42.
37. Murata Y, Ogata J, Higaki Y, Kawashima M, Yada Y, Higuchi K, et al. Abnormal expression of sphingomyelin acylase in atopic dermatitis: an etiologic factor for ceramide deficiency. J Investig Dermatol 1996;106(6):1242-9.
38. Puch F, Samson‐Villeger S, Guyonnet D, Blachon JL, Rawlings AV, Lassel T. Consumption of functional fermented milk containing borage oil, green tea and vitamin E enhances skin barrier function. Exp Dermatol 2008;17(8):668-74.
39. Di Marzio L, Centi C, Cinque B, Masci S, Giuliani M, Arcieri A, et al. Effect of the lactic acid bacterium Streptococcus thermophilus on stratum corneum ceramide levels and signs and symptoms of atopic dermatitis patients. Exp Dermatol 2003;12(5):615-20.
40. Kohen R, Gati I. Skin low molecular weight antioxidants and their role in aging and in oxidative stress. Toxicology 2000;148(2-3):149-57.
41. Hensley K, Floyd RA. Reactive oxygen species and protein oxidation in aging: A look back, a look ahead. Arch Biochem Biophys 2002;397(2):377-83.
42. Tzaphlidou M. The role of collagen and elastin in aged skin: An image processing approach. Micron 2004;3(35):173-7.
43. Kodali VP, Sen R. Antioxidant and free radical scavenging activities of an exopolysaccharide from a probiotic bacterium. Biotechnol J 2008;3(2):245-51.
44. Bruno-Bárcena, JM, Andrus JM, Libby SL, Klaenhammer TR, Hassan HM. Expression of a heterologous manganese superoxide dismutase gene in intestinal lactobacilli provides protection against hydrogen peroxide toxicity. Appl Environ Microbiol 2004;70(8):4702–10.
45. Cinque B, Di Marzio L, Della Riccia DN, Bizzini F, Giuliani M, Fanini D, et al. Effect of Bifidobacterium infantis on Interferon‐γ Induced Keratinocyte Apoptosis: A Potential Therapeutic Approach to Skin Immune Abnormalities. Int J Immunopath Ph 2006;19(4):775-86.
46. Kalliomäki M, Salminen S, Arvilommi H, Kero P, Koskinen P, Isolauri E. Probiotics in primary prevention of atopic disease: A randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2001;357(9262):1076-9.
47. Lee J, Seto D, Bielory L. Meta-analysis of clinical trials of probiotics for prevention and treatment of pediatric atopic dermatitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2008;121(1):116-21.
48. Peguet-Navarro J, Dezutter-Dambuyant C, Buetler T, Leclaire J, Smola H, Blum S, et al. Supplementation with oral probiotic bacteria protects human cutaneous immune homeostasis after UV exposure-double blind, randomized, placebo controlled clinical trial. Eur J Dermatol 2008;18(5):504-11.
49. De Kievit TR, Iglewski BH. Bacterial quorum sensing in pathogenic relationships. Infect Immun 2000;68(9):4839-49.
50. Rumbaugh KP, Griswold JA, Hamood AN. The role of quorum sensing in the in vivo virulence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Microbes Infect 2000;2(14):1721-31.
51. Valdez JC, Peral MC, Rachid M, Santana M, Perdigon G. Interference of Lactobacillus plantarum with Pseudomonas aeruginosa in vitro and in infected burns: The potential use of probiotics in wound treatment. Clin Microbiol Infect 2005;11(6):472-9.
52. Steinstraesser L, Tack BF, Waring AJ, Hong T, Boo LM, Fan MH, et al. Activity of novispirin G10 against Pseudomonas aeruginosa in vitro and in infected burns. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2002;46(6):1837-44.
53. Edgar, J. 8 of the best skin-care products infused with probiotics [Internet]. 2018 [Updated 2018; Cited 2019 Aug 1]. Available from: https://www.allure.com/gallery/probiotics-skin-care-products
54. Boyle RJ, Robins-Browne RM, Tang ML. Probiotic use in clinical practice: What are the risks. Am J Clin Nutr 2006;83(6):1256-64.
55. Krutmann J. Pre-and probiotics for human skin. J Dermatol Sci 2009;54(1):1-5.
2. Bojar RA, Holland KT. The human cutaneous microflora and factors controlling colonisation. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2002;18(9):889-903.
3. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, World Health Organization. Guidelines for the evaluation of probiotics in food [Internet]. 2002 [Cited 2019 Aug 1]. Available from: https://www.who.int/foodsafety/fs_/en/probiotic_guidelines.pdf
4. Kober MM, Bowe WP. The effect of probiotics on immune regulation, acne, and photoaging. Int J Womens Dermatol 2015;1(2):85-9.
5. Caramia G, Atzei A, Fanos V. Probiotics and the skin. Clin Dermatol 2008;26(1):4-11.
6. Okada T, Konishi H, Ito M, Nagura H, Asai J. Identification of secretory immunoglobulin A in human sweat and sweat glands. J Clin Investig Dermatol 1988;90(5):648-51.
7. Metze D, Kersten A, Jurecka W, Gebhart W. Immunoglobulins coat microorganisms of skin surface: A comparative immunohistochemical and ultrastructural study of cutaneous and oral microbial symbionts. J Clin Investig Dermatol 1991;96(4).
8. Pohjavuori E, Viljanen M, Korpela R, Kuitunen M, Tiittanen M, Vaarala O, et al. Lactobacillus GG effect in increasing IFN‐γ production in infants with cow's milk allergy. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2004;114(1):131-6.
9. Lammers KM, Brigidi P, Vitali B, Gionchetti P, Rizzello F, Caramelli E, et al. Immunomodulatory effects of probiotic bacteria DNA: IL-1 and IL-10 response in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol 2003;38(2):165-72.
10. Prescott SL, Dunstan JA, Hale J, Breckler L, Lehmann H, Weston S, et al. Clinical effects of probiotics are associated with increased interferon‐γ responses in very young children with atopic dermatitis. Clin Exp Allergy 2005;35(12):1557-64.
11. Chapat L, Chemin K, Dubois B, Bourdet‐Sicard R, Kaiserlian D. Lactobacillus casei reduces CD8+ T cell‐mediated skin inflammation. Eur J Immunol 2004;34(9):2520-8.
12. Cross ML. Immunoregulation by probiotic lactobacilli: pro-Th1 signals and their relevance to human health. Clin Appl Immunol Rev 2002;1(3):115-25.
13. Krutmann J. Pre-and probiotics for human skin. J Dermatol Sci 2009;54(1):1-5.
14. Morris, SK. Skin microbiome colonizer formulations and methods for use [Internet]. 2018 [Cited 2019 Aug 1]. Available from: https://patents.google.com/patent/US20180325968A1/en
15. Putaala H, Tiihonen K, Rautonen N, Ouwehand A. Probiotic bacteria for the topical treatment of skin disorders [Internet]. 2016 [Cited 2019 Aug 1]. Available from: https://patents.google.com/patent/US20160008412A1/en
16. Miyazaki K, Hanamizu T, Sone T, Chiba K, Kinoshita T, Yoshikawa S. Topical application of Bifidobacterium-fermented soy milk extract containing genistein and daidzein improves rheological and physiological properties of skin. J Cosmet Sci 2004;55(5):473-80.
17. Miyazaki K, Hanamizu T, Iizuka R, Chiba K. Bifidobacterium-fermented soy milk extract stimulates hyaluronic acid production in human skin cells and hairless mouse skin. Skin Pharmacol Physiol 2003;16(2):108-16.
18. Baba H, Masuyama A, Takano T. Effects of Lactobacillus helveticus fermented milk on the differentiation of cultured normal human epidermal keratinocytes. J Dairy Sci 2006;89(6):2072-5.
19. Satoh T, Murata M, Iwabuchi N, Odamaki T, Wakabayashi H, Yamauchi K, et al. Effect of Bifidobacterium breve B-3 on skin photoaging induced by chronic UV irradiation in mice. Benef Microbes 2015; 6(4):497-504.
20. Kim HM, Lee DE, Park SD, Kim YT, Kim YJ, Kim YJ, et al. Oral administration of Lactobacillus plantarum HY7714 protects hairless mouse against ultraviolet B-induced photoaging. J Microbiol Biotechn 2014; 24(11):1583-91.
21. Lee DE, Huh CS, Ra J, Choi ID, Jeong JW, Kim SH, et al. Clinical evidence of effects of Lactobacillus plantarum HY7714 on skin aging: A randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled study. J Microbiol Biotechn. 2015;25(12):2160-8.
22. Kang S, Fisher GJ, Voorhees JJ. Photoaging and topical tretinoin: Therapy, pathogenesis, and prevention. Arch Dermatol 1997;133(10):1280-4.
23. Fisher GJ, Kang S, Varani J, Bata-Csorgo Z, Wan Y, Datta S, et al. Mechanisms of photoaging and chronological skin aging. Arch Dermatol 2002;138(11):1462-70.
24. Chung JH, Kang S, Varani J, Lin J, Fisher GJ, Voorhees JJ. Decreased extracellular-signal-regulated kinase and increased stress-activated MAP kinase activities in aged human skin in vivo. J Investig Dermatol 2000;115(2):177-82.
25. Varani J, Warner RL, Gharaee-Kermani M, Phan SH, Kang S, Chung J, et al. Vitamin a antagonizes decreased cell growth and elevated collagen-degrading matrix metalloproteinases and stimulates collagen accumulation in naturally aged human skin. J Investig Dermatol 2000;114(3):480-6.
26. Riccia DD, Bizzini F, Perilli MG, Polimeni A, Trinchieri V, Amicosante G, et al. Anti‐inflammatory effects of Lactobacillus brevis (CD2) on periodontal disease. Oral Dis 2007;13(4):376-85.
27. Moorthy G, Murali MR, Devaraj SN. Protective role of lactobacilli in Shigella dysenteriae1–induced diarrhea in rats. Nutrition 2007;23(5):424-33.
28. Cinque B. Probiotics in aging skin. In: Farage MA, Miller KW, Maibach HI, editors. Textbook of aging skin. Springer: Berlin; 2010.
29. Mauro T. SC pH: Measurement, origins, and functions. In: Elias P, Feingold K, editors. Skin barrier. New York: Taylor & Francis; 2006.
30. Lambers H, Piessens S, Bloem A, Pronk H, Finkel P. Natural skin surface pH is on average below 5, which is beneficial for its resident flora. Int J Cosmet Sci 2006;28(5):359-70.
31. Fluhr JW, Mao-Qiang M, Brown BE, Hachem JP, Moskowitz DG, Demerjian M, et al. Functional consequences of a neutral pH in neonatal rat stratum corneum. J Investig Dermatol 2004;123(1):140-51.
32. Hachem JP, Man MQ, Crumrine D, Uchida Y, Brown BE, Rogiers V, et al. Sustained serine proteases activity by prolonged increase in pH leads to degradation of lipid processing enzymes and profound alterations of barrier function and stratum corneum integrity. J Investig Dermatol. 2005;125(3):510-20.
33. Waller JM, Maibach HI. Age and skin structure and function, a quantitative approach (I): Blood flow, pH, thickness, and ultrasound echogenicity. Skin Res Technol 2005;11(4):221-35.
34. Choi EH, Man MQ, Xu P, Xin S, Liu Z, Crumrine DA, et al. Stratum corneum acidification is impaired in moderately aged human and murine skin. J Investig Dermatol 2007;127(12):2847-56.
35. Yadav H, Jain S, Sinha PR. Production of free fatty acids and conjugated linoleic acid in probiotic dahi containing Lactobacillus acidophilus and Lactobacillus casei during fermentation and storage. Int Dairy J 2007;17(8):1006-10.
36. Grove GL, Kligman AM. Age-associated changes in human epidermal cell renewal. J Gerontol 1983;38(2):137-42.
37. Murata Y, Ogata J, Higaki Y, Kawashima M, Yada Y, Higuchi K, et al. Abnormal expression of sphingomyelin acylase in atopic dermatitis: an etiologic factor for ceramide deficiency. J Investig Dermatol 1996;106(6):1242-9.
38. Puch F, Samson‐Villeger S, Guyonnet D, Blachon JL, Rawlings AV, Lassel T. Consumption of functional fermented milk containing borage oil, green tea and vitamin E enhances skin barrier function. Exp Dermatol 2008;17(8):668-74.
39. Di Marzio L, Centi C, Cinque B, Masci S, Giuliani M, Arcieri A, et al. Effect of the lactic acid bacterium Streptococcus thermophilus on stratum corneum ceramide levels and signs and symptoms of atopic dermatitis patients. Exp Dermatol 2003;12(5):615-20.
40. Kohen R, Gati I. Skin low molecular weight antioxidants and their role in aging and in oxidative stress. Toxicology 2000;148(2-3):149-57.
41. Hensley K, Floyd RA. Reactive oxygen species and protein oxidation in aging: A look back, a look ahead. Arch Biochem Biophys 2002;397(2):377-83.
42. Tzaphlidou M. The role of collagen and elastin in aged skin: An image processing approach. Micron 2004;3(35):173-7.
43. Kodali VP, Sen R. Antioxidant and free radical scavenging activities of an exopolysaccharide from a probiotic bacterium. Biotechnol J 2008;3(2):245-51.
44. Bruno-Bárcena, JM, Andrus JM, Libby SL, Klaenhammer TR, Hassan HM. Expression of a heterologous manganese superoxide dismutase gene in intestinal lactobacilli provides protection against hydrogen peroxide toxicity. Appl Environ Microbiol 2004;70(8):4702–10.
45. Cinque B, Di Marzio L, Della Riccia DN, Bizzini F, Giuliani M, Fanini D, et al. Effect of Bifidobacterium infantis on Interferon‐γ Induced Keratinocyte Apoptosis: A Potential Therapeutic Approach to Skin Immune Abnormalities. Int J Immunopath Ph 2006;19(4):775-86.
46. Kalliomäki M, Salminen S, Arvilommi H, Kero P, Koskinen P, Isolauri E. Probiotics in primary prevention of atopic disease: A randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2001;357(9262):1076-9.
47. Lee J, Seto D, Bielory L. Meta-analysis of clinical trials of probiotics for prevention and treatment of pediatric atopic dermatitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2008;121(1):116-21.
48. Peguet-Navarro J, Dezutter-Dambuyant C, Buetler T, Leclaire J, Smola H, Blum S, et al. Supplementation with oral probiotic bacteria protects human cutaneous immune homeostasis after UV exposure-double blind, randomized, placebo controlled clinical trial. Eur J Dermatol 2008;18(5):504-11.
49. De Kievit TR, Iglewski BH. Bacterial quorum sensing in pathogenic relationships. Infect Immun 2000;68(9):4839-49.
50. Rumbaugh KP, Griswold JA, Hamood AN. The role of quorum sensing in the in vivo virulence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Microbes Infect 2000;2(14):1721-31.
51. Valdez JC, Peral MC, Rachid M, Santana M, Perdigon G. Interference of Lactobacillus plantarum with Pseudomonas aeruginosa in vitro and in infected burns: The potential use of probiotics in wound treatment. Clin Microbiol Infect 2005;11(6):472-9.
52. Steinstraesser L, Tack BF, Waring AJ, Hong T, Boo LM, Fan MH, et al. Activity of novispirin G10 against Pseudomonas aeruginosa in vitro and in infected burns. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2002;46(6):1837-44.
53. Edgar, J. 8 of the best skin-care products infused with probiotics [Internet]. 2018 [Updated 2018; Cited 2019 Aug 1]. Available from: https://www.allure.com/gallery/probiotics-skin-care-products
54. Boyle RJ, Robins-Browne RM, Tang ML. Probiotic use in clinical practice: What are the risks. Am J Clin Nutr 2006;83(6):1256-64.
55. Krutmann J. Pre-and probiotics for human skin. J Dermatol Sci 2009;54(1):1-5.
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2019-12-26
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ธรรมาเจริญสุข ธ, โสมา ก. Role of Probiotics in Skin. HCUJOURNAL [Internet]. 2019 Dec. 26 [cited 2024 Apr. 26];23(2):305-17. Available from: https://he01.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/HCUJOURNAL/article/view/186367
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