A study exploring key areas of worry in children and their expression through drawings amid COVID-19 outbreak in March 2020. Worry in children amid COVID 19 outbreak
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Published:
Jun 24, 2021
Keywords:
Key words-Worry, Children, COVID-19, Pandemic, Approaches to worry.
Main Article Content
Abstract
Areas of worry at the outbreak of COVID-19 were explored in a two-phased study spanning for 9 weeks. A mixed sample of boys and girls of 47 UK resident children of different ethnicities in two age groups- 8-11 years (n=21, boys n=10; girls n=11) and 12-16 years (n=26, boys n=14; girls n=12) were recruited. The content and colour of drawings made on COVID-19 by children was also analysed. Significant gender and age differences were observed after means, percentages and t test analysis on areas of worry and depiction in the drawings. Identify, differentiate, SODE/ SUDI, creative arts and feedback (IDSCF), proposing solutions (SO) and detail (DE) and support (SU) and discussion (DI) with children is proposed for COVID-19 and worries.
Key words-Worry, Children, COVID-19, Pandemic, approaches to worry.
Article Details
How to Cite
Bhandari, R. (2021). A study exploring key areas of worry in children and their expression through drawings amid COVID-19 outbreak in March 2020.: Worry in children amid COVID 19 outbreak. International Journal of Child Development and Mental Health, 9(1), 39–54. Retrieved from https://he01.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/cdmh/article/view/247136
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Original Articles
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References
References
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Aznar, A., & Tenenbaum, H. R. (2015). Gender and age differences in parent–child emotion talk. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 33(1), 148–155.
Babaoglu, M. (2016). Quality of life of individual fears in primary school student’s relationship between success and self-efficacy] (Unpublished master’s thesis). Dokuz Eylul University, Istanbul, Turkey.
Bal, H. (2010). Fears and developmental characteristics of primary school students (Unpublished master’ thesis). Sakarya University, Turkey.
Barlow, D. H. (1988). Anxiety and its disorders: The nature and treatment of anxiety and panic. New York: Guildford.
BBC news (2020) https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/education-51643556
Beck, A. (1985). Theoretical perspectives on clinical anxiety. In A. H. Tuma & J. D. Maser (Eds.), Anxiety and the anxiety disorders. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
British Educational Research Association (BERA) (2018). Ethical Guidelines for Educational Research https://www.bera.ac.uk/publication/ethical-guidelines-for-educational-research-20189 (Accessed on 13.3.20)
British Psychological Society (2014). The BPS code of human research ethics https://www.bps.org.uk/news-and-policy/bps-code-human-research-ethics-2nd-edition-2014 (accessed on 13.3.20)
Britton, Gary I, Neale, Sarah E, & Davey, Graham C.L. (2019). The effect of worrying on intolerance of uncertainty and positive and negative beliefs about worry. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 62, 65-71. doi: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2018.09.002.
Burnham, Joy J, Lomax, Richard G, & Hooper, Lisa M. (2012). Gender, Age, and Racial Differences in Self-Reported Fears Among School-Aged Youth. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 22(2), 268-278.
Carleton, R. N. (2016). Into the unknown: A review and synthesis of contemporary models involving uncertainty. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 39, 30-43.
Chaplin, Tara M, & Aldao, A. (2013). Gender differences in emotion expression in children: A meta-analytic review. Psychological Bulletin, 139(4), 735-765. doi: 10.1037/a0030737.
Christie E., & MacMullin C. (1998). What do children worry about? Australian Journal of Guidance and Counselling, 8(1), 9-24.
Clark, A. (2005). Ways of seeing: using the Mosaic approach to listen to young children’s perspectives, in Clark, A., Kjørholt, A.T. and Moss, P. (eds) Beyond Listening: Children’s Perspectives on Early Childhood Services, Bristol, Policy Press, pp. 29–49.
Collins Dictionary (2020). https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/worry (accessed on 8.4.20)
Donovan, Caroline L, Holmes, Monique C, & Farrell, Lara J. (2015). Investigation of the cognitive variables associated with worry in children with Generalised Anxiety Disorder and their parents. Journal of Affective Disorders, 192, 1-7.
Eccles, J. S., Adler, T. F., Futterman, R., Goff, S. B., Kaczala, C.M., Meece, J. L., & Midgley, C. (1983). Expectancies, values, and academic behaviours. In J. T. Spence (Ed.). Achievement and achievement motivation, San Francisco, CA: W. H. Freeman. pp. 75–146.
Fattore, T, Mason, J and Watson, E (2016). Children's Understandings of Well-Being, Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands.
General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) (2020). Guide to the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) https://ico.org.uk/for-organisations/guide-to-data-protection/guide-to-the-general-data-protection-regulation-gdpr/
Golomb, C. (2012). The child's creation of a pictorial world (2nd ed.). New York: Psychology Press.
Huebner, S. E., Hills, K. J., & Jiang, X. (2013). Assessment and promotion of life satisfaction in youth. In C. Proctor & A. P. Linley (Eds.), Research, applications, and interventions for children and adolescents: A positive psychology perspective. Dordrecht: Springer.
Hutchby, I. and Moran-Ellis, Jo (2001). Children, technology and culture: the impact of technologies in children's everyday lives. London; New York: Routledge.
Iijima, M. A., Arisaka, O., Minamoto, F., & Arais, Y. (2001). Sex differences in children’s free drawings: A study on girls with congenital adrenal hyperplasia. Hormones and Behaviour, 40, 99-104. doi:10.1006/hbeh.2001.1670
Izard, C. E. (Ed.). (1977). Human emotions. New York: Plenum.
Lang, P. J. (1977). Imagery in therapy: An information processing analysis of fear. Behavior Therapy, 8, 862-88
Mayall, B. (1994). Children in action at home and school. In B. Mayall (Ed.), Children’s childhoods: Observed and experienced, London: Falmer Press, pp. 114– 127. doi: 10.1080/01443410.2019.1640349.
McGeown, S.P and Warhurst, A (2020). Sex differences in education: exploring children's gender identity, Educational psychology (Dorchester-on-Thames), 40(1), pp. 103–119.
Milne, L. C., & Greenway, P. (1999). Color in children’s drawings: The influence of age and gender. The Arts in Psychotherapy, 26, 261-263.
Oransky, M and Marecek, J (2009) ‘I'm Not Going to Be a Girl’, Journal of adolescent research, 24(2), pp. 218–241. doi: 10.1177/0743558408329951.
Picard, Delphine, & Boulhais, Myriam. (2011). Sex differences in expressive drawing. Personality and Individual Differences, 51(7), 850-855.
Plowman, L., Stephen, Christine, & McPake, Joanna. (2010). Growing up with technology: Young children learning in a digital world. London; New York: Routledge. doi: 10.4324/9780203863619.
Schirrmacher, R. (2002). Art and creative development for young children (4th ed.). Clifton Park, NY: Delmar Thomson Learning.
Suarez-Morales, Lourdes, & Bell, Debora. (2006). Relation of Childhood Worry to Information-Processing Factors in an Ethnically Diverse Community Sample. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 35(1), 136-147.
Tepper, Clary A, & Cassidy, Kimberly Wright. (1999). Gender Differences in Emotional Language in Children's Picture Books. Sex Roles, 40(3), 265-280. doi:10.1023/A:1018803122469
The United Nations (1989) Convention on the Rights of the Child [Online]. Available at www.hakani.org/en/convention/Convention_Rights_Child.pdf (accessed on 8.4.20)
Thomassin, K. Bucsea, O, Chan, J. and Carter, E (2019). A Thematic Analysis of Parents’ Gendered Beliefs About Emotion in Middle Childhood Boys and Girls, Journal of family issues, 40(18), pp 2944-2973.
Turgeon, S. M. (2008). Sex differences in children’s free drawings and their relationship to 2D:4D ratio. Personality and individual differences, 45, 527-532.
Willats, J. (2005). Making sense of children's drawings. Mahwah, N.J.: L. Erlbaum Associates.
World Health Organisation (WHO) (2020). Coronavirus disease COVID-19 https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019 (accessed on 8.4.20)
Yavuzer, H. (2007). Children with pictures (12th Ed.). Istanbul, Turkey: Remzi.
Arici, B. (2006). Painting, psychology and painting in the world of the child. Ataturk University Faculty of Fine Art Journal, 10(2), 15-22.
Aznar, A., & Tenenbaum, H. R. (2015). Gender and age differences in parent–child emotion talk. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 33(1), 148–155.
Babaoglu, M. (2016). Quality of life of individual fears in primary school student’s relationship between success and self-efficacy] (Unpublished master’s thesis). Dokuz Eylul University, Istanbul, Turkey.
Bal, H. (2010). Fears and developmental characteristics of primary school students (Unpublished master’ thesis). Sakarya University, Turkey.
Barlow, D. H. (1988). Anxiety and its disorders: The nature and treatment of anxiety and panic. New York: Guildford.
BBC news (2020) https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/education-51643556
Beck, A. (1985). Theoretical perspectives on clinical anxiety. In A. H. Tuma & J. D. Maser (Eds.), Anxiety and the anxiety disorders. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
British Educational Research Association (BERA) (2018). Ethical Guidelines for Educational Research https://www.bera.ac.uk/publication/ethical-guidelines-for-educational-research-20189 (Accessed on 13.3.20)
British Psychological Society (2014). The BPS code of human research ethics https://www.bps.org.uk/news-and-policy/bps-code-human-research-ethics-2nd-edition-2014 (accessed on 13.3.20)
Britton, Gary I, Neale, Sarah E, & Davey, Graham C.L. (2019). The effect of worrying on intolerance of uncertainty and positive and negative beliefs about worry. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 62, 65-71. doi: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2018.09.002.
Burnham, Joy J, Lomax, Richard G, & Hooper, Lisa M. (2012). Gender, Age, and Racial Differences in Self-Reported Fears Among School-Aged Youth. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 22(2), 268-278.
Carleton, R. N. (2016). Into the unknown: A review and synthesis of contemporary models involving uncertainty. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 39, 30-43.
Chaplin, Tara M, & Aldao, A. (2013). Gender differences in emotion expression in children: A meta-analytic review. Psychological Bulletin, 139(4), 735-765. doi: 10.1037/a0030737.
Christie E., & MacMullin C. (1998). What do children worry about? Australian Journal of Guidance and Counselling, 8(1), 9-24.
Clark, A. (2005). Ways of seeing: using the Mosaic approach to listen to young children’s perspectives, in Clark, A., Kjørholt, A.T. and Moss, P. (eds) Beyond Listening: Children’s Perspectives on Early Childhood Services, Bristol, Policy Press, pp. 29–49.
Collins Dictionary (2020). https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/worry (accessed on 8.4.20)
Donovan, Caroline L, Holmes, Monique C, & Farrell, Lara J. (2015). Investigation of the cognitive variables associated with worry in children with Generalised Anxiety Disorder and their parents. Journal of Affective Disorders, 192, 1-7.
Eccles, J. S., Adler, T. F., Futterman, R., Goff, S. B., Kaczala, C.M., Meece, J. L., & Midgley, C. (1983). Expectancies, values, and academic behaviours. In J. T. Spence (Ed.). Achievement and achievement motivation, San Francisco, CA: W. H. Freeman. pp. 75–146.
Fattore, T, Mason, J and Watson, E (2016). Children's Understandings of Well-Being, Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands.
General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) (2020). Guide to the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) https://ico.org.uk/for-organisations/guide-to-data-protection/guide-to-the-general-data-protection-regulation-gdpr/
Golomb, C. (2012). The child's creation of a pictorial world (2nd ed.). New York: Psychology Press.
Huebner, S. E., Hills, K. J., & Jiang, X. (2013). Assessment and promotion of life satisfaction in youth. In C. Proctor & A. P. Linley (Eds.), Research, applications, and interventions for children and adolescents: A positive psychology perspective. Dordrecht: Springer.
Hutchby, I. and Moran-Ellis, Jo (2001). Children, technology and culture: the impact of technologies in children's everyday lives. London; New York: Routledge.
Iijima, M. A., Arisaka, O., Minamoto, F., & Arais, Y. (2001). Sex differences in children’s free drawings: A study on girls with congenital adrenal hyperplasia. Hormones and Behaviour, 40, 99-104. doi:10.1006/hbeh.2001.1670
Izard, C. E. (Ed.). (1977). Human emotions. New York: Plenum.
Lang, P. J. (1977). Imagery in therapy: An information processing analysis of fear. Behavior Therapy, 8, 862-88
Mayall, B. (1994). Children in action at home and school. In B. Mayall (Ed.), Children’s childhoods: Observed and experienced, London: Falmer Press, pp. 114– 127. doi: 10.1080/01443410.2019.1640349.
McGeown, S.P and Warhurst, A (2020). Sex differences in education: exploring children's gender identity, Educational psychology (Dorchester-on-Thames), 40(1), pp. 103–119.
Milne, L. C., & Greenway, P. (1999). Color in children’s drawings: The influence of age and gender. The Arts in Psychotherapy, 26, 261-263.
Oransky, M and Marecek, J (2009) ‘I'm Not Going to Be a Girl’, Journal of adolescent research, 24(2), pp. 218–241. doi: 10.1177/0743558408329951.
Picard, Delphine, & Boulhais, Myriam. (2011). Sex differences in expressive drawing. Personality and Individual Differences, 51(7), 850-855.
Plowman, L., Stephen, Christine, & McPake, Joanna. (2010). Growing up with technology: Young children learning in a digital world. London; New York: Routledge. doi: 10.4324/9780203863619.
Schirrmacher, R. (2002). Art and creative development for young children (4th ed.). Clifton Park, NY: Delmar Thomson Learning.
Suarez-Morales, Lourdes, & Bell, Debora. (2006). Relation of Childhood Worry to Information-Processing Factors in an Ethnically Diverse Community Sample. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 35(1), 136-147.
Tepper, Clary A, & Cassidy, Kimberly Wright. (1999). Gender Differences in Emotional Language in Children's Picture Books. Sex Roles, 40(3), 265-280. doi:10.1023/A:1018803122469
The United Nations (1989) Convention on the Rights of the Child [Online]. Available at www.hakani.org/en/convention/Convention_Rights_Child.pdf (accessed on 8.4.20)
Thomassin, K. Bucsea, O, Chan, J. and Carter, E (2019). A Thematic Analysis of Parents’ Gendered Beliefs About Emotion in Middle Childhood Boys and Girls, Journal of family issues, 40(18), pp 2944-2973.
Turgeon, S. M. (2008). Sex differences in children’s free drawings and their relationship to 2D:4D ratio. Personality and individual differences, 45, 527-532.
Willats, J. (2005). Making sense of children's drawings. Mahwah, N.J.: L. Erlbaum Associates.
World Health Organisation (WHO) (2020). Coronavirus disease COVID-19 https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019 (accessed on 8.4.20)
Yavuzer, H. (2007). Children with pictures (12th Ed.). Istanbul, Turkey: Remzi.