How does exercise improve bone strength?

Abstract

The main function of bone is to provide the structural framework for vital organ protection and locomotion. It is thus essential to maintain the bone health. Bone strength is determined by genetic factor, hormones, dietary and exercise. Exercise seems to be the most effective way in enhancing bone mass and bone strength during the pre-pubertal age and minimizing bone loss during adulthood. The most effective exercise pattern for increasing bone strength has been suggested as high intensity weight bearing, dynamic with brief but intermittent activities and an unusual loading pattern on bone.  The mechanisms which were explained the beneficial effects of exercise on bone health including an increase in bone formation from higher bone strain, intermittent secretion of parathyroid hormone and a hypoxia condition as well as a decrease in bone resorption by a reduction in glucocorticoid levels and inflammatory cytokines. This knowledge will enhance an understanding and an awareness of the positive effect of exercise on bone strength.