Stress and coping among women receiving result of abnormal pap smear during the waits for colposcopy clinic and pathology result
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
Background: When women received result of abnormal pap smear, they had to wait for physical examination in colposcopy clinic and pathology result which may be stress inducing. Appropriate coping method may help women reduce their stress levels in each period of time.
Objectives: To compare the stress and coping method in women after receiving result of abnormal pap smear, especially during the waits for colposcopy clinic and pathology result.
Methods: Comparative descriptive research. The samples were women with abnormal Pap smears during the waits for colposcopy clinic and pathology results from cervical biopsy in 90 patients who had stress scores more than or equal to 4. The research instruments included 1) a personal information questionnaire, 2) a stress level scale, and 3) a coping questionnaire. Data analysis involved calculating percentage, means, standard deviations and the Kruskal-Wallis Test.
Results: The results found that the average age of the samples was 38.83 years (SD=13.06). When comparing stress in all three periods, there was a statistically significant difference in stress level (p<.05). The overall comparison of coping method was not different. The most common methods used for coping with stress were confrontive coping (M=39.11, SD=5.43), palliative coping (M=34.18, SD=4.75), and emotional coping (M=20.41, SD=5.03), respectively.
Conclusions: Stress levels in women with abnormal pap smears were different in each period, but the overall coping method was not different in each period. Gynecological nurses can recommend appropriate strategies for coping with stress on an individual basis at each time.
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
บทความที่ได้รับการตีพิมพ์เป็นลิขสิทธิ์ของวิทยาลัยพยาบาลบรมราชชนนี จังหวัดนนทบุรี
ข้อความที่ปรากฏในบทความแต่ละเรื่องในวารสารวิชาการเล่มนี้เป็นความคิดเห็นส่วนตัวของผู้เขียนแต่ละท่านไม่เกี่ยวข้องกับวิทยาลัยพยาบาลบรมราชชนนี จังหวัดนนทบุรี และคณาจารย์ท่านอื่น ในวิทยาลัยฯ แต่อย่างใด ความรับผิดชอบองค์ประกอบทั้งหมดของบทความแต่ละเรื่องเป็นของผู้เขียนแต่ละท่าน หากมีความผิดพลาดใด ๆ ผู้เขียนแต่ละท่านจะรับผิดชอบบทความของตนเองแต่ผู้เดียว
References
World Health Organization. Cervical cancer. [Internet]. 2018 [cited 2021 Mar 3]; Available from: https://www.who.int/health-topics/ cervical-cancer#tab=tab_1.
Bray F, Ferlay J, Soerjomataram I, Siegel RL, Torre LA, Jemal A. Global cancer statistics 2018: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J Clin. 2018; 68(6):394-424. doi: 10.3322/caac.21492.
Ferlay J, Ervik M, Lam F, Laversanne M, Colombet M, Mery L, et al. Global cancer observatory: cancer today. [Internet]. 2024 [cited 2024 Mar 28]; Available from: https://gco.iarc.who.int/today.
Er Guneri S, Sen S. Women's experiences after abnormal Pap smear results: a qualitative study. J Psychosom Obstet Gynaecol. 2020;41(1):22-9. doi: 10.1080/0167482X. 2019.1657090.
Jengprasert K, Kongrot S. Effect of a video instruction of colposcopy procedure on knowledge and satisfaction among women with abnormal pap smear results. 2021;44(1):176-85. (in Thai).
Ruengkhachorn I. Cervical cancer. Bangkok: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University; 2018. (in Thai).
Patricia KM, Lonia M, Margaret MC, Mutinta MC, Beauty NL. Stress and coping with cervical cancer by patients: a qualitative inquiry. Int J Psychol Couns. 2015;7(6):94-105. doi: 10.5897/IJPC2015.0313.
Folkman S, Lazarus RS. If it changes it must be a process: study of emotion and coping during three stages of a college examination. J Pers Soc Psychol. 1985;48(1): 150-70. doi: 10.1037//0022-3514.48.1.150.
Treewiriyanuphab B, Oranratanaphan S, Roomruangwong C. Proportion and factors associated with anxiety in women with abnormal cervical cancer screening at King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital (KCMH). Thai Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 2021;29(6):358-69. doi: 10.14456/tjog.2021.42. (in Thai).
Jentschke M, Lehmann R, Drews N, Hansel A, Schmitz M, Hillemanns P. Psychological distress in cervical cancer screening: results from a German online survey. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2020; 302(3): 699-705. doi: 10.1007/s00404-020-05661-9.
Changwatchai J. Stress and coping in women with abnormal papanicolaou smear. [Thesis]. Bangkok: Mahidol University; 2009. (in Thai).
Wittenborn J, Wagels L, Kupec T, Iborra S, Najjari L, Stickeler E. Anxiety in women referred for colposcopy: a prospective observational study. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2022;305(3):625-30. doi: 10.1007/s00404- 021-06337-8.
Jerachotechueantaveechai T, Charoenkwan K, Wongpakaran N. Prevalence and predicting factors for anxiety in Thai women with abnormal cervical cytology undergoing colposcopy. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2015;16(4):1427- 30. doi: 10.7314/apjcp.2015.16.4.1427.
Launrujisawat P, Jetiyanuwat S. Validity of the Thai version of the distress thermometer. Journal of the Psychiatric Association of Thailand. 2015;58(3):257-70. (in Thai).
Aree-Ue S, Youngcharoen P. The 6 Item Cognitive Function Test-Thai version: psychometric property testing. [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2023 Dec 28]; Available from: https://repository.li.mahidol.ac.th/handle/123456789/62036. (in Thai).
Nayar R, Wilbur DC. The Pap Test and Bethesda 2014 "The reports of my demise have been greatly exaggerated." (after a quotation from Mark Twain). Acta Cytol. 2015;59(2):121-32. doi: 10.1159/000381842.
Deeraksa S, Sumdangrit B, Hanprasitkum K. Stress and coping of women with abnormal pap smear before loop electrosurgical excision procedure. Journal of The Royal Thai Army Nurses. 2021;22(3):247-56. (in Thai).
O'Connor M, O'Leary E, Waller J, Gallagher P, D'arcy T, Flannelly G, et al. Trends in, and predictors of, anxiety and specific worries following colposcopy: A 12-month longitudinal study. Psychooncology. 2016;25(5):597-604. doi: 10.1002/pon.3980.