Comparative Analysis of Phenolic Compounds, Carotenoid, and Antioxidant Activity of Leaf and Stem of Acanthus ebracteatus Vahl (Sea Holly)
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Abstract
Introduction: In Thailand, Acanthus ebracteatus Vahl (Sea Holly), known locally as ‘Nguak Pla Mo,’ has been used for anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and diuretic properties. This study aimed to explore Sea Holly’s antioxidant and phytochemical attributes, open avenues for pharmaceutical applications, and emphasize the importance of conserving Thailand's ethnobotanical wisdom and biodiversity. The primary objectives of this study were to characterize the amount of carotenoid, total phenolic compounds, and antioxidant activity in the leaf and stem of Sea Holly, as well as identify the main chemical constituents in plant extracts.
Methods: The plant extracts were analyzed for their carotenoid and total phenolic content. Their antioxidant activity was evaluated using ABTS, FRAP, and DPPH assays, and the chemical constituents were characterized using GC-MS and IR spectroscopy.
Results: Sea Holly leaf extract contains higher amounts of both carotenoid (0.2261 mg/g sample) and total phenolic compounds (344.67 mg GAE/g DW) than its stem, which has 0.0103 mg/g sample for carotenoid and 92.75 mg GAE/g DW for total phenolic compounds. Consequently, the extraction from leaves exhibits higher antioxidant activity (%DPPH: 18.73; %ABTS: 81.4 and FRAP: 3.46 mmolFe2+/g sample) than stem extract (%DPPH: 14.48; %ABTS: 69.0 and FRAP: 2.40 mmolFe2+/g sample). The GC-MS and IR analysis reveals that the main phytochemicals contained in both stem and leaf extracts are hexadecenoic acid, triolein, campesterol, stigmasterol, and g-sitosterol.
Conclusion: Sea Holly leaf contains higher total phenolic compounds, carotenoid content, and antioxidant activity than Sea Holly stem, a potential application for treatment in oxidative-stress-related diseases and a promising opportunity to develop alternative healthcare and medicinal products.
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