Associations between Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices Regarding Hepatitis B Virus Infection and HBV Infection among Blood Donors in Mogadishu, Somalia: A Hospital-based Cross-sectional Study
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
Introduction: Globally, more than 81 million blood units are donated annually, and blood transfusion stands as a crucial medical procedure with no viable substitute. Unsafe blood transfusion contributes to 8 to 16 million new hepatitis B virus (HBV) infections, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa. Somalia faces a high demand for blood transfusions with a prevalent HBV infection rate, driven by various factors, yet no similar previous study exists. The objective of this study was to determine the associations between the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of blood donors concerning HBV infection and their infection status in Mogadishu, Somalia.
Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in data collection between February and April 2023, using a 5ml blood sample and a well-structured questionnaire. A rapid test was utilized to indicate HBV positivity. Univariable and multivariable logistic regressions were employed to determine the associations, considering at α= 0.050 as statistically significant.
Results: Out of the 420 blood donors who participated in this study, 34 (8.1%) tested positive for HBV infection. The majority of the participants (94.2%) were males with an average age of 30.4 (SD±7.2). In multivariable logistic regression, the study revealed that blood donors with poor knowledge (AOR=5.80, 95% CI=1.69-19.89), those with moderate knowledge (AOR=4.41, 95% CI=1.09-17.90), and those with poor practices (AOR=3.52, 95% CI=1.09-11.34) toward HBV infection were more likely to become infected compared to their counterparts.
Conclusion: Blood donors in Mogadishu, Somalia, face a high burden of HBV infection. To effectively address this issue and ensure a safer blood supply, prioritizing initiatives aimed at enhancing the knowledge of blood donors regarding HBV infection is crucial. This involves educating donors about the various modes of transmission, emphasizing preventive measures, and stressing the importance of regular screenings. Additionally, encouraging better practices related to HBV infection among blood donors is essential in this endeavor.
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
JHSAM publishes all articles in full open access, meaning unlimited use and reuse of articles with appropriate credit to the authors.
All our articles are published under a Creative Commons "CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0". License which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium,
provided that the original work is properly cited and is used for noncommercial purposes.
References
Roien R, Mousavi SH, Ozaki A, Baqeri SA, Hosseini SM, Ahmad S, Shrestha S. Assessment of knowledge, attitude, and practice of health-care workers towards hepatitis B virus prevention in Kabul, Afghanistan. Journal of Multidisciplinary Healthcare. 2021:3177-86.DOI: 10.2147/JMDH.S334438
Woodring J, Pastore R, Brink A, Ishikawa N, Takashima Y, Tohme RA. Progress toward hepatitis B control and elimination of mother-to-child transmission of hepatitis B virus—Western Pacific Region, 2005–2017. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 2019;68(8):195.DOI: 10.15585/mmwr.mm6808a2
Yigezu H, Temam J, Bajiro M, Tesfaye Jule L, Nagaprasad N, Roy A, Saka A, Ramaswamy K. Factors associated with the prevalence of hepatitis B among volunteer blood donors at Jimma Blood Bank, South Ethiopia. Canadian Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 2022;2022. DOI: 10.1155/2022/7458747
Liu B, Wen X, Huang C, Wei Y. Unraveling the complexity of hepatitis B virus: from molecular understanding to therapeutic strategy in 50 years. The International Journal of Biochemistry & Cell Biology. 2013;45(9):1987-96. DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2013.06.017
Abebe M, Alemnew B, Biset S. Prevalence of hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus among blood donors in nekemte blood bank, Western Oromia, Ethiopia: retrospective 5 years study. Journal of Blood Medicine. 2020:543-50.DOI: 10.2147/JBM.S282099
McNaughton AL, Lourenço J, Bester PA, Mokaya J, Lumley SF, Obolski U, Forde D, Maponga TG, Katumba KR, Goedhals D, Gupta S. Hepatitis B virus seroepidemiology data for Africa: Modelling intervention strategies based on a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS medicine. 2020 Apr 21;17(4):e1003068. DOI.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1003068
Fattahi MR, Safarpour A, Sepehrimanesh M, Asl SM, Mohamaddoust F. The prevalence of hepatitis C virus infection and its related risk factors among the rural population of fars province, southern Iran. Hepatitis Monthly. 2015;15(2). DOI: 10.5812/hepatmon.24734
Hussein NR, Haj SM, Almizori LA, Taha AA. The prevalence of hepatitis B and C viruses among blood donors attending blood bank in Duhok, Kurdistan region, Iraq. International Journal of Infection. 2017;4(1). DOI: https://doi.org/10.17795/iji-39008
Schillie S, Vellozzi C, Reingold A, Harris A, Haber P, Ward JW, Nelson NP. Prevention of hepatitis B virus infection in the United States: recommendations of the advisory committee on immunization practices. MMWR Recommendations and Reports. 2018;67(1):1. DOI: 10.15585/mmwr.rr6701a1
Makuza JD, Rwema JO, Ntihabose CK, Dushimiyimana D, Umutesi J, Nisingizwe MP, et al. Prevalence of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) positivity and its associated factors in Rwanda. BMC Infectious Diseases. 2019;19:1-0. DOI: 10.1186/s12879-019-4013-4
Okoroiwu HU, Okafor IM, Asemota EA, Okpokam DC. Seroprevalence of transfusion-transmissible infections (HBV, HCV, syphilis and HIV) among prospective blood donors in a tertiary health care facility in Calabar, Nigeria; An eleven years evaluation. BMC Public Health. 2018;18(1).
Nagalo MB, Sanou M, Bisseye C, Kaboré MI, Nebie YK, Kienou K, et al. Seroprevalence of human immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis B and C viruses and syphilis among blood donors in Koudougou (Burkina Faso) in 2009. Blood transfusion. 2011;9(4):419. DOI: 10.2450/2011.0112-10
Bartonjo G, Oundo J, Ng’ang’a Z. Prevalence and associated risk factors of transfusion transmissible infections among blood donors at regional blood transfusion center nakuru and tenwek mission hospital, Kenya. Pan African Medical Journal. 2019;34. DOI: 10.11604/pamj.2019.34.31.17885
Mohammed Y, Bekele A. Seroprevalence of transfusion transmitted infection among blood donors at Jijiga blood bank, Eastern Ethiopia: Retrospective 4 years study infectious diseases. BMC Res Notes. 2016;9(1). DOI: 10.1186/s13104-016-1925-6
Siraj N, Achila OO, Issac J, Menghisteab E, Hailemariam M, Hagos S, et al. Seroprevalence of transfusion-transmissible infections among blood donors at National Blood Transfusion Service, Eritrea: a seven-year retrospective study. BMC Infectious Diseases. 2018;18(1):1-9. DOI: 10.1186/s12879-018-3174-x
Nur YA, Groen J, Elmi AM, Ott A, Osterhaus ADME. Prevalence of serum antibodies against bloodborne and sexually transmitted agents in selected groups in Somalia. Epidemiol Infect. 2000;124(1):137–41. DOI: 10.1017/s0950268899003441
Hassan-Kadle MA, Osman MS, Ogurtsov PP. Epidemiology of viral hepatitis in Somalia: systematic review and meta-analysis study. World J Gastroenterol. 2018 Sep 14;24(34):3927–57. DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v24.i34.3927
Osman M, Jeele O, Omar R, Addow B, Adan FN, Jimale LH. Prevalence and risk factors associated with hepatitis B and hepatitis C infections among patients undergoing hemodialysis: a single-centre study in Somalia. 2021. Available rom: DOI: 10.1155/2021/1555775
Mohamud MH, Aweis AD, Adam AS, Mohamed FA, Fidow SQ, Mohamed LM. Distribution and frequency of ABO and rhesus (D) blood groups in Somalia: a retrospective study on students of Jazeera University, Mogadishu-Somalia. BioMed Research International. 2022;2022. DOI: 10.1155/2022/7981325
Mohamud AK, Ahmed OA, Mohamud AA, Dirie NI. Prevalence of and factors associated with depression among adult patients living with HIV/AIDs undergoing ART unit in Banadir hospital, Mogadishu Somalia. BMC Psychiatry. 2023 Dec;23(1):1-8. DOI: 10.1186/s12888-023-04723-x
Mohamud AK, Ahmed OA, Ali IA, Dirie NI. Demographical, clinical, and complication differences between vaccinated and unvaccinated hospitalized children with measles in Mogadishu Somalia: a hospital-based retrospective cohort study. Annals of Medicine and Surgery. 2023;85(5):1550. DOI: 10.1097/MS9.0000000000000672
Mohamud AK, Ahmed OA, Mohamud AA, Dirie NI. Magnitude of opportunistic infections and associated factors among adult people living with human immune deficient virus on art at selected public hospital, Mogadishu Somalia: cross-sectional study. Annals of Medicine and Surgery. 2023;85(7):3364-71. DOI: 10.1097/MS9.0000000000000880
Centers for Disease Control and Preventions (CDC). Interpretation of hepatitis B serologic test results.Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/hepatitis/hbv/interpretationOfHepBSerologicResults.htm#print
Charan J, Biswas T. How to calculate sample size for different study designs in medical research?. Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine. 2013;35(2):121-6. DOI: 10.4103/0253-7176.116232
Buseri FI, Muhibi MA, Jeremiah ZA. Sero-epidemiology of transfusion-transmissible infectious diseases among blood donors in Osogbo, south-west Nigeria. Blood Transfusion. 2009;7(4):293. DOI: 10.2450/2009.0071-08
Dauda Goni M, Hasan H, Naing NN, Wan-Arfah N, Zeiny Deris Z, Nor Arifin W, et al. Assessment of knowledge, attitude and practice towards prevention of respiratory tract infections among Hajj and Umrah Pilgrims from Malaysia in 2018. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2019; 16(22):4569. DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16224569
Kanu S, James PB, Bah AJ, Kabba JA, Kamara MS, Williams CE, et al. Healthcare workers’ knowledge, attitude, practice and perceived health facility preparedness regarding COVID-19 in Sierra Leone. Journal of Multidisciplinary Healthcare. 2021:67-80. DOI: 10.2147/JMDH.S287156
Salman M, Mustafa Z, Asif N, Zaidi HA, Shehzadi N, Khan TM, et al. Knowledge, attitude and preventive practices related to COVID-19 among health professionals of Punjab province of Pakistan. The Journal of Infection in Developing Countries. 2020;14(07):707-12. DOI: 10.3855/jidc.12878
Mohamud AK, Ali IA, Ali AI, Dirie NI, Inchon P, Ahmed OA, et al. . Assessment of healthcare workers' knowledge and attitude on Ebola virus disease in Somalia: a multicenter nationwide survey. BMC Public Health. 2023;23(1):1650. DOI: 10.1186/s12889-023-16562-2
Yu PL, Ab Ghafar N, Adam M, Goh HC. Understanding the human dimensions of recycling and source separation practices at the household level: an evidence in Perak, Malaysia. Sustainability. 2022;14(13):8023. Doi.org/10.3390/su14138023
Nguyen HB, Nguyen TH, Tran TT, Vo TH, Tran VH, Do TN, et al. Knowledge, attitudes, practices, and related factors towards COVID-19 prevention among patients at university medical center Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. Risk Management and Healthcare Policy. 2021:2119 32. DOI: 10.2147/RMHP.S305959
Turner RC, Carlson L. Indexes of item-objective congruence for multidimensional items. International Journal of Testing. 2003;3(2):163-71. doi.org/10.1207/S15327574IJT0302_5
Intec Products (INC). Advanced quality one step multi-HBV test is a rapid, qualitative, immunoassay for the determination of HBV markers. Available from: https://www.intecasi.com/one-step-multi-hbv-test-device_p19.html
Bursac Z, Gauss CH, Williams DK, Hosmer DW. Purposeful selection of variables in logistic regression. Source code for biology and medicine. 2008;3(1):1-8. doi:10.1186/1751-0473-3-17
Haq N, Hassali MA, Shafie AA, Saleem F, Farooqui M, Aljadhey H. A cross sectional assessment of knowledge, attitude and practice towards Hepatitis B among healthy population of Quetta, Pakistan. BMC Public Health. 2012;12:1-8. DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-12-692
Hussein NA, Ismail AM, Jama SS. Assessment of hepatitis B vaccination status and associated factors among healthcare workers in Bosaso, Puntland, Somalia 2020. BioMed Research International. 2022;2022. DOI: 10.1155/2022/9074294
Dirie NI, Adam MH, Garba B, Dahie HA, Nur MA, Mohamed FY, et al. The prevalence of urolithiasis in subjects undergoing computer tomography in selected referral diagnostic centers in Mogadishu, Somalia. Frontiers in Public Health. 2023;11. DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1203640
Ali AI, Aden AI, Mohamud AK. Dermoscopic findings in Tinea Capitis among under 18 children in dermatology polyclinic patients: a hospital-based cross-sectional study. Annals of Medicine and Surgery. 2023:10-97. DOI: 10.1097/MS9.0000000000001530
Ganczak M, Dmytrzyk-Daniłów G, Korzeń M, Drozd-Dąbrowska M, Szych Z. Prevalence of HBV infection and knowledge of hepatitis B among patients attending primary care clinics in Poland. Journal of community health. 2016;41:635-44. DOI: 10.1007/s10900-015-0139-5
Dongdem JT, Kampo S, Soyiri IN, Asebga PN, Ziem JB, Sagoe K. Prevalence of hepatitis B virus infection among blood donors at the Tamale Teaching Hospital, Ghana (2009). BMC Research Notes. 2012 Dec;5(1):1-5. DOI: 10.1186/1756-0500-5-115
Xie DD, Li J, Chen JT, Eyi UM, Matesa RA, Obono MM, et al. Seroprevalence of human immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus, and treponema pallidum infections among blood donors on Bioko Island, Equatorial Guinea. PloS one. 2015;10(10):e0139947. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0139947
Matee MI, Magesa PM, Lyamuya EF. Seroprevalence of human immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis B and C viruses and syphilis infections among blood donors at the Muhimbili National Hospital in Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania. BMC Public Health. 2006;6(1):1-6. DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-6-21
Tessema B, Yismaw G, Kassu A, Amsalu A, Mulu A, Emmrich F, et al. Seroprevalence of HIV, HBV, HCV and syphilis infections among blood donors at Gondar University Teaching Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia: declining trends over a period of five years. BMC Infectious Diseases. 2010;10:1-7. DOI: 10.1186/1471-2334-10-111
Freeland C, Bodor S, Perera U, Cohen C. Barriers to hepatitis B screening and prevention for African immigrant populations in the United States: a qualitative study. Viruses. 2020;12(3):305. DOI: 10.3390/v12030305
Mukhtar NA, Evon DM, Yim C, Lok AS, Lisha N, Lisker-Melman M, et al. Patient knowledge, beliefs and barriers to hepatitis B care: results of a multicenter, multiethnic patient survey. Digestive Diseases and Sciences. 2021;66:434-41. DOI: 10.1007/s10620-020-06224-3
Xiong M, Nguyen RH, Strayer L, Chanthanouvong S, Yuan JM. Knowledge and behaviors toward hepatitis B and the hepatitis B vaccine in the Laotian community in Minnesota. Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health. 2013;15:771-8. DOI: 10.1007/s10903-012-9768-2
Mohamud AK, Mohamud BI. Knowledge, attitude, and practice of pregnant women toward Intermittent preventive treatment during pregnancy in selected medical centers in banadir region, Mogadishu Somalia: a cross-sectional study. Available from: https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-1702975/v2
Moussa AA, Abdi AA, Abdullahi SA. Assessment of knowledge, attitude and practice of healthcare workers towards Hepatitis B virus infection in Mogadishu, Somalia: a cross-sectional study. Available from: https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.2.23628/v1
Adoba P, Boadu SK, Agbodzakey H, Somuah D, Ephraim RK, Odame EA. High prevalence of hepatitis B and poor knowledge on hepatitis B and C viral infections among barbers: a cross-sectional study of the Obuasi municipality, Ghana. BMC Public Health. 2015;15(1):1-7. DOI 10.1186/s12889-015-2389-7
Ghazzawi M, Yendewa SA, James PB, Massaquoi SP, Babawo LS, Sahr F, et al. Assessment of knowledge, stigmatizing attitudes and health-seeking behaviors regarding hepatitis B virus infection in a pharmacy and community setting in Sierra Leone: a cross-sectional study. InHealthcare 2023; 11(2): 177. MDPI. Doi.org/10.3390/healthcare11020177
Bhasker B, Sachdev S, Marwaha N, Grover S, Singh T, Dhiman RK. Knowledge and attitude regarding hepatitis B and C among blood donors and nondonors in North India. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hepatology. 2019;9(3):318-23. DOI: 10.1016/j.jceh.2018.08.005
Gebremeskel T, Beshah T, Tesfaye M, Beletew B, Mengesha A, Getie A. Assessment of knowledge and practice on hepatitis B infection prevention and associated factors among health science students in Woldia University, Northeast Ethiopia. Advances in Preventive Medicine. 2020;2020. DOI: 10.1155/2020/9421964
Samje M, Sop S, Tagny CT, Mbanya D. Knowledge, attitude and seropositivity of hepatitis B virus among blood donors in the Bamenda Regional Hospital Blood Bank, Cameroon. Pan African Medical Journal. 2021;39(1). DOI: 10.11604/pamj.2021.39.33.28911