Hypertension among Health Workers in Nepal: The Health of Health Guardians, 2005-2019
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Published:
Sep 3, 2019
Keywords:
Hypertension Health Workers Nepal
Main Article Content
Abstract
Background: Hypertension as the iceberg disease is the major public health concern of this era where global population, especially in low and middle-income countries, are facing its escalating burden. The working-age group population is the principal victim of the morbid and deceased state due to hypertension. The vital workforce of the nation, the health workers are not spared from the thunder of hypertension means several studies around the world piled up the evidence of their vulnerability for hypertension. Objective: The aim of this study was to do a systematic review of literature related to hypertension among health workers in Nepal. Methods: The systematic review of articles and information related to hypertension among health workers in different countries including Nepal published from 2005-2019 onwards using PubMed, PMC, Google scholar and Google was done. The data on prevalence of hypertension, risk factors of hypertension, impact of hypertension, health system and policy in relation to hypertension among general people and health workers were extracted from databases for the systematic review. Results: As other nation’s health workers, health workers of Nepal are shading under the environment which encloses the liable risk factors of hypertension. With the reason of lacking health information of health workers in Nepal, the health system of Nepal is still in the mirage that the health of their health workers does not deviate and not of priority concern. In addition, health workers of Nepal are overlooking their health by practicing unhealthy behaviors knowingly or unknowingly leading to the genesis of hypertension. Conclusion: In conclusion, the health workers of Nepal are in the potential risk of hypertension as similar to another workforce as well as the general population. Therefore, this hidden truth needs to be investigated, uncovered and addressed accordingly by the health system of Nepal and health workers themselves.
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Ghimire, P., & Khadka, A. (2019). Hypertension among Health Workers in Nepal: The Health of Health Guardians, 2005-2019. Journal of Health Science and Alternative Medicine, 1(2), 19–25. Retrieved from https://he01.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/jhealthscialternmed/article/view/207482
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References
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[46] Kakunje A. Stress among health care professionals-The need for resiliency. Online J Heal Allied Sci [Internet]. 2011;10(1):1. Available from: https://cogprints.org/7952/8/2011-1-1.pdf
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[3] IFPMA. Hypertension: Putting the pressure on the silent killer [Internet]. Available from: https://www.ifpma.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/hyper-digital-v7-1.pdf
[4] World Health Organization. Protecting workers health [Internet]. 2017 [cited 2019 Jun 20]. Available from: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/protecting-workers’-health
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[6] World Health Organization. The world health report 2006: working together for health [Internet]. 2006. Available from: https://www.who.int/whr/2006/whr06_en.pdf?ua=1
[7] 7. Joseph B, Joseph M. The health of the healthcare workers. Indian J Occup Env Med [Internet]. 2016;20(2):71–72. Available from: https://www.ijoem.com/article.asp?issn=0019-5278;year=2016;volume=20;issue=2;spage=71;epage=72;aulast=Joseph
[8] Bhandari GP, Dhimal M, Bhusal C. State of non-communicable disease in Nepal. BMC Public Health [Internet].2014; 14:23. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-14-23
[9] Baral B, Prajapati R, Karki KB et al. Distribution and skill mix of health workforce in Nepal. J Nepal Health Res Council. 2013; 11 (24): 126-32.
[10] Pandey NR. Emergency medicine in Nepal: present practice and direction for future. Int J Emerg Med [Internet]. 2016;9(20):1–6. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12245-016-0118-3
[11] Thapa D, Malla G, KC A. Sleep quality and related health problems among shift working nurses at a tertiary care hospital in Eastern Nepal: A cross-sectional study. J Nurs Heal Stud. 2018;02(03):1–4.
[12] Society for Local Integrated Development Nepal (SOLID Nepal) and Merlin Nepal. Barriers to effective policy implementation and management of human resources for health in Nepal: Working conditions of the health workforce in Nepal [Internet]. SOLID Nepal.2012:1-34. Available from: https://library.nhrc.gov.np:8080/nhrc/handle/123456789/30
[13] World Health Organization. Global status report on non-communicable diseases 2014 [Internet]. Geneva; 2014. Available from: https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/148114/9789241564854_eng.pdf
[14] Zhou B, Bentham J, Di Cesare M et al. Worldwide trends in blood pressure from 1975 to 2015: a pooled analysis of 1479 population-based measurement studies with 19·1 million participants. Lancet. 2017;389(10064):37–55.
[15] Kearney PM, Whelton M, Reynolds K et al. Global burden of hypertension: analysis of worldwide data. Lancet. 2005;365(9455):217–23.
[16] HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE [Internet]. World Health Organization, Regional Office for South-East Asia. 2013 [cited 2019 Jul 3]. p. 1–2. Available from: https://www.searo.who.int/entity/world_health_day/leaflet_burden_hbp_whd2013.pdf
[17] Noncommunicable diseases risk behaviors among adults [Internet]. Vol. 53. New Delhi, India; 2016. Available from: https://www.searo.who.int/entity/noncommunicable_diseases/documents/ncd-risks-adults/en/
[18] Neupane D, Mclachlan CS, Sharma R et al. Prevalence of hypertension in Member Countries of South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation ( SAARC): Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Medicine (Baltimore). 2014;93(13):1–10.
[19] Aryal KK, Neupane S, Mehata S et al. Non Communicable Diseases Risk Factors: STEPS Survey Nepal 2013. Nepale Heal Res Counc. 2014;1–152.
[20] Vaidya A, Pathak RP, Pandey MR. Prevalence of hypertension in Nepalese community triples in 25 years : a repeat cross-sectional study in rural Kathmandu. Indian Heart J. 2012;6402(2012):128–31.
[21] Dhungana RR, Pandey AR, Bista B, et al. Prevalence and associated factors of hypertension: A community-based cross-sectional study in municipalities of Kathmandu , Nepal. Int J Hypertens.2016;2016:1–10.
[22] Neupane D, Shrestha A, Mishra SR et al. Awareness, prevalence, treatment , and control of hypertension in Western Nepal. Am J Hypertens. 2017;30(9):907–13.
[23] Khanal MK, Dhungana RR, Bhandari P et al. Prevalence, associated factors , awareness , treatment , and control of hypertension : Findings from a cross sectional study conducted as a part of a community based intervention trial in Surkhet , Mid-western region of Nepal. PLoS One. 2017;12(10):1–20.
[24] Koju R, Manandhar K, Risal A, et al. Undertreated hypertension and its implications for Public Health in Nepal: Nationwide population-based survey. Kathmandu Univ Med J. 2015;49(1):3–7.
[25] Sumaila FG, Shittu A, Idris AS, et al. Prevalence of undiagnosed hypertension and its risk factors among health care workers of some selected hospitals in Dutse , Jigawa State , North western. Adv Sci Med. 2016;1(2):19–23.
[26] Wing P, Armstrong DP, Forte Gj et al. Health Workforce Analysis Guide 2016 Edition [Internet]. Rensselaer, NY: Health Workforce Technical Assistance Center, Center for Health Workforce Studies, School of Public Health, SUNY Albany; 2016. Available from: https://www.healthworkforceta.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Health-Workforce-Analysis-Guide_2016-Edition.pdf
[27] Campbell J, Dussault G, Buchan J et al. A universal truth: No health without a workforce [Internet]. Forum Report, Third Global Forum on Human Resources for Health, Recife, Brazil. Geneva,Global Health Workforce Alliance and World Health Organization; 2013. Available from: https://www.who.int/workforcealliance/knowledge/resources/GHWA-a_universal_truth_report.pdf?ua=1
[28] Kao L, Chiu Y, Lin H et al. Prevalence of chronic diseases among physicians in Taiwan: a population- based cross-sectional study. BMJ Open. 2016;1–8.
[29] Monakali S, Goon D Ter, Seekoe E et al. Prevalence, awareness, control and determinants of hypertension among primary health care professional nurses in Eastern Cape , South Africa. African J Prim Heal Care Fam Med. 2018;10(1):1–5.
[30] Hegde SKB, Sathiyanarayanan S, Venkateshwaran S et al. Prevalence of diabetes, hypertension and obesity among doctors and nurses in a medical college hospital in Tamil Nadu, India. Natl J Res Community Med [Internet]. 2015;4(3):235–9. Available from: https://www.commedjournal.in/article/Volume4Issue3July-September2015/fulltext/NJRCM_Shailendra _Vol. 4. Issue 3. July-sep,235-9.pdf
[31] Nugraha M, Pratama PA, Turmudzi DM. Prevalence and characteristics of hypertension patients among the employee of malalengka public hospital in 2016. J Hypertens [Internet]. 2017;35(3):29. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1097/01.hjh.0000527411.19729.36
[32] Gyang MD, Danjuma SA, Gyang BZ et al. Correlates of undiagnosed hypertension among health care workers in a secondary health care facility in north central Nigeria. High L Med Res J [Internet]. 2018;18(1):22–8. Available from: https://www.ajol.info/index.php/hmrj/article/view/174246
[33] Cavagioni L, Pierin AMG. Cardiovascular risk among health professionals working in pre-hospital care services. Rev esc enferm [Internet]. 2012;46(2):395–403. Available from: https://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0080-62342012000200018&lng=en
[34] Taylor M, Bithoney W. 10 steps to developing a culture of health for hospital and health system employers [White paper] [Internet]. 2012. Available from: https://img.en25.com/Web/TruvenHealthAnalytics/EMP_11759_0812_10steps2cultureOFhealth_WEB.pdf
[35] Asay GRB, Roy K, Lang JE et al. Absenteeism and employer costs associated with chronic diseases and health risk factors in the US workforce [Internet]. Vol. 13, Preventing Chronic Disease. 2016 [cited 2019 Jul 10]. p. 1–11. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/pcd/issues/2016/15_0503.htm
[36] Kretchy IA, Owusu-daaku FT, Danquah SA. Mental health in hypertension: assessing symptoms of anxiety, depression and stress on anti-hypertensive medication adherence. Int J Ment Health Syst. 2014;8:25.
[37] GBD 2015 Risk Factors Collaborators. Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 79 behavioral, environmental and occupational , and metabolic risks or clusters of risks , 1990 – 2015 : a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2015. The Lancet. 2016;388(10053):1659–724.
[38] Workplace Safety & Health Topics: Proportionate mortality for cardiovascular, neurodegenerative, & renal diseases by industry for health care & social assistance sector [Internet]. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. [cited 2019 Jun 29]. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/surveillance/workforcedata.html
[39] Hypertension a major risk for many hospital workers [Internet]. RELIAS MEDIA. 2014 [cited 2019 Jun 27]. Available from: https://www.reliasmedia.com/articles/21650-hypertension-a-major-risk-for-many-hospital-workers
[40] Ogedegbe G, Tobin JN, Fernandez S et al. Counseling African Americans to Control Hypertension ( CAATCH ) Trial A multi-level intervention to improve blood pressure control in hypertensive blacks. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes. 2009;2(3):249–56.
[41] Lobelo F, Quevedo IG De. The evidence in support of physicians and health care providers as physical activity role. Am J Lifestyle Med.2016;10(1):36–52.
[42] Frank, E., Segura, C., Shen, H et al. Predictors of Canadian Physicians’ Prevention Counseling Practices. Can J Public Heal. 2010;101(5):390–5.
[43] Kelly M, Wills J, Sykes S. Do nurses’ personal health behaviours impact on their health promotion practice? A systematic review. Int J Nurs Stud [Internet]. 2017;76(2017):62–77. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2017.08.008
[44] Muzzi M, Pawlina C, Schnorr GP. Prevalence of stress in health workers in the context hospital. Psychol Behav Med Open Access J [Internet]. 2018;0(0):15–21. Available from: https://ologyjournals.com/pbmoaj/pbmoaj_00003.pdf
[45] Manyisa ZM, Aswegen EJ Van. Factors affecting working conditions in public hospitals: A literature review. Int J Africa Nurs Sci [Internet]. 2017;6(2017):28–38. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijans.2017.02.002
[46] Kakunje A. Stress among health care professionals-The need for resiliency. Online J Heal Allied Sci [Internet]. 2011;10(1):1. Available from: https://cogprints.org/7952/8/2011-1-1.pdf
[47] Ahmed MT, Jadhav J, Sobagaiah RT. Assessment of risk factors of non- communicable diseases among healthcare workers in Nelamangala : A cross sectional study. Int J Community Med Public Heal. 2018;5(2):745–8.
[48] Phiri LP, Draper CE, Lambert E V et al. Nurses’ lifestyle behaviours, health priorities and barriers to living a healthy lifestyle: A qualitative descriptive study.BMC Nurs 2014;13(1):38.
[49] Sahebi L, Vahidi R, Mousavi SH. Prevalence of hypertension and associated variables in hospital staff in Iran. Acta Med Sal. 2010;39(1):6–13.
[50] Kaur H, Luckhaupt SE, Li ÃJ et al. Workplace psychosocial factors associated with hypertension in the U.S . workforce : A cross-sectional study based on the 2010 national health interview survey. Am J Ind Med. 2014;1021:1011–21.
[51] Dulal RK. Health Federalism : The role of health care professionals in Nepal. J Nepal Med Assoc. 2009;48(174):191–5.
[52] Thapa R, Bam K, Tiwari P et al. Perspective implementing federalism in the health system of Nepal: opportunities and challenges. Kerman Univ Med Sci [Internet]. 2018;8(4):195–8. Available from: https://doi.org/10.15171/ijhpm.2018.121
[53] Human Resource for Health: Nepal Country Profile [Internet]. Government of Nepal, Ministry of Health and Population. 2013 [cited 2019 Jun 19]. Available from: https://www.herd.org.np/uploads/frontend/Publications/PublicationsAttachments1/1483613482-HRH.pdf
[54] National Health Policy 2014 [Internet]. Ministry of Health. 2014 [cited 2019 Jul 20]. Available from: https://nhsp.org.np/national-health-policy-2014-3/
[55] Package of Essential Non Communicable Diseases (PEN) Intervention at Primary Service setting; PEN Training Trainer’s Guide [Internet]. Government of Nepal, Ministry of Health and Population, EDCD. 2018 [cited 2019 Jun 8]. Available from: https://www.edcd.gov.np/index.php/resources/download/pen-training-trainers-guide-2075
[56] Non Communicable Diseases [Internet]. Government of Nepal, Ministry of Health and Population. 2019 [cited 2019 Jul 6]. p. 2019 June 8. Available from: https://www.mohp.gov.np/eng/program/free-health-programme/pen