PHYSIOLOGICAL AND AUTONOMIC RESPONSES ACROSS MENSTRUAL PHASES IN THAI FEMALE ATHLETES: EVIDENCE FROM THAILAND NATIONAL SPORTS UNIVERSITY, CHIANG MAI CAMPUS AND CHANDRAKASEM RAJABHAT UNIVERSITY
Keywords:
Sport Medicine, Sports Science, Menstrual Cycle, Energy System, Female AthletesAbstract
This study investigated physiological, hormonal, and psychosocial dynamics of female athletes, aiming to advance integrative approaches beyond menstrual cycle perspectives. A mixed-methods design included 60 athletes from two Thai universities, monitored over two cycles. Quantitative assessments comprised maximum oxygen uptake (VO2max) lactate threshold, heart rate variability (HRV), core temperature, gastrocnemius contractility, body composition, and energy availability, supported by wearable monitoring. Menstrual phases were verified through basal body temperature and self-reported symptoms. Qualitative data were obtained from interviews and focus groups. Results showed VO2max and lactate threshold were stable across phases, while HRV declined and core temperature increased in the luteal phase. About 20% of athletes were at risk of Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (RED-S), linked to reduced HRV, higher exertion, and greater injury incidence. Thematic analysis identified four themes: perceived menstrual impact, adaptive self-monitoring, psychosocial barriers, and value of technology in training. Findings suggest that while physical performance remains stable, recovery capacity, injury risk, and subjective perceptions of female athlete are predominantly influenced by hormonal factors. Practical implications include cycle monitoring, RED-S screening, wearable-based load management, and culturally responsive coach education. Integrating physiological, technological, and psychosocial approaches can enhance female athlete health and performance in Thailand and globally.
(Journal of Sports Science and Technology 2025; 25(2): 17-32)
(Received: 24 August 2025, Revised: 7 November 2025, Accepted: 18 November 2025)
Corresponding author: Dittachai Chankuna
Faculty of Liberal Arts, Thailand National Sports University Chiang Mai Campus,
Chiang Mai, THAILAND, 50200
E-mail: c.dittachai@tnsu.ac.th
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