Factors Predicting Depressive Symptoms of Cyberbullying Victims in Middle-School Students
Keywords:
depressive symptoms, cyberbullying victims, middle-school studentsAbstract
This predictive correlational study aimed to examine depressive symptoms, factors influencing, and factors predicting depressive symptoms of cyberbullying victims in middle-school students. The sample consisted of 300 participants. The instruments used for collecting the data were 1) demographic characteristics questionnaires; 2) the Center for Epidemiologic Studies- Depression Scale (CES-D) 3) the self -esteem scale; 4) coping strategies scale; 5) learning style questionnaires; 6) parenting style questionnaires; 7) family relationships questionnaires; 8) friendship intimacy questionnaires; 9) social support questionnaires and 10) social media addiction questionnaires. The reliability test of questionnaires 2- 10 were 0.90, 0.83, 0.84, 0.95, 0.85, 0.83, 0.83, 0.93, and 0.92, respectively. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient, Pearson’s product correlation coefficient, and stepwise multiple regression analysis.
Study found that the mean score of depressive symptoms was 20.61. (M = 20.61, SD = 9.89).The result revealed the depressive symptoms were at a mild to moderate level. By examining the stepwise multiple regression for predicting depressive symptoms, the six factors that could predict depressive symptoms included emotion-focused coping (ß=-0.332, p < .001), neglectful parenting style (ß = 0.290, p < .001), more than 1 type of cyberbullying (ß = 0.243, p < .001), female (ß = 0.174, p < .001), problem-focused coping (ß = 0.165, p < .05) and perceived characteristics (introverted personality and sentimental) (ß = 0.127, p < .05). All six variables were able to predict depressive symptoms at 34.7%
The findings of this study showed that cyberbullying victims in middle-school students are a high risk group for depressive symptoms. Academic Administrator and Mental health professionals aimed at enhancing coping strategies to this population group.
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