Pathophysiology and Health Effects of Aging Kidneys
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Abstract
The prevalence of an aging population poses a significant challenge globally. As individuals grow older, there is a notable decrease in their glomerular filtration rate (GFR), declining at a rate of approximately 1 ml/minute/1.73 m² each year. By the age of 70, the average GFR typically falls to around 60 ml/minute/1.73 m². This decline in kidney function has profound implications for the health of older adults and can significantly impact family dynamics. Aging kidneys are characterized by shrinkage in the size of the kidneys and the development of glomerulosclerosis, tubular atrophy, and interstitial fibrosis. The reduction in kidney function leads to electrolyte imbalances, fluid retention, and an increased susceptibility to acute kidney injury. The aging process of the kidneys is intricately linked to cellular senescence, which involves cell cycle arrest, resistance to apoptosis, and the secretion of pro-inflammatory factors such as the senescence-associated secretory phenotype. Additionally, aging kidneys exhibit heightened fibrosis and altered vascular responses. There is currently no specific treatment proven to halt the decline in kidney function associated with aging. Therefore, the cornerstone of caring for elderly individuals with aging kidneys lies in close monitoring and management of co-existing conditions and complications. By prioritizing proactive healthcare measures, healthcare professionals can optimize the well-being of aging populations facing kidney-related challenges.
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