Iron bioavailability
Keywords:
Iron, Food, bioavailabilityAbstract
Animal food sources contain heme and non-heme iron in variable proportions. Red meat, liver and blood have higher heme iron than white flesh foods (poultry, fish). Iron in milk and egg, plant sources (cereal grains, pulses and legumes), and iron fortificants are in the non-heme forms. Heme iron can be readily absorbed for utilization, whereas bioavailability of non-heme iron is affected by other food components that are present in the same meal. These food components may enhance (e.g., ascorbic acid), or inhibit iron absorption. The main iron absorption inhibitors in foods are phytate and polyphenols, which are also present in plant foods. In order to obtain adequate iron intakes, content and form of iron in foods,food portions eaten and co-present of iron absorption enhancers and inhibitors must be considered. In addition, iron status of individuals, physiological demands (e.g., growth, female reproductive age, pregnancy) also determine iron bioavailability from foods. Promoting good iron nutrition needs to consider diversity of foods or selecting bioavailable iron in food fortification. Absorption of iron from supplemented iron is reduced if taken together with meals, although side effects could be less. Taking iron supplement between meals is more desirable. Hemoglobinopathy, a hereditary abnormality in hemoglobin production, is common in Southeast Asia and other parts of the world. The majority of people having hemoglobinopathy are carriers or trait, and may have iron deficiency if the diets contain inadequate iron. The same strategies for ensuring adequate iron nutrition for people who have normal hemoglobin type can be promoted.
References
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28. Tuntipopipat S, Judprasong K, Zeder C, Wasantwisut E, Winichagoon P, Charoenkiatkul S, Hurrell R, Walczyk T. Chili, but not turmeric, inhibits iron absorption in young women from an iron-fortified composite meal. J Nutr 2006: 2970–4.
29. Gibbs M, Bailey KB, Lander RD, Fahmida U, Perlas L, Hess SY, Loechl CU, Winichagoon P, Gibson RS. The adequacy of micronutrient concentrations in manufactured complementary foods from low-income countries. J Fd Comp Anal 2011: 418-26.
30. Ziauddin Hyder SM, Persson LA, Chowdhury AMR, Ekström E. Do side-effects reduce compliance to iron supplementation? A study of daily- and weekly-dose regimens in pregnancy. J Health Pop Nutr 2002: 175-9.
31. Hallberg, L, Bjorn-Rasmussen, E, Ekenved, G, Garby,L, Rossander, L, Pleehachinda, R, Suwanik, R and Arvidsson, B. Absorption from iron tablets given with different types of meals. Scand J Haematol 1978: 215-24.
32. Wasantwisut E, Winichagoon P, Chitchumroonchokchai C, Yamborisut. U, Boonpraderm A, Pongcharoen T, Sranacharoenpong K, Russameesopaphorn W. Iron and zinc supplementation improved iron and zinc status, but not physical growth of apparently healthy, breast-fed infants in rural communities of northeast Thailand. J Nutr 2006: 2405-11
33. Wieringa FT, Berger J, Dijkhuizen MA, Hidayat A, Ninh NX, Utomo B, Wasantwisut E, Winichagoon P (2007). Combined iron and zinc supplementation in infants improved iron and zinc status, but interactions reduced efficacy in a multicountry trial in southeast Asia. J Nutr 137: 466-71.
34. Solomon NW. Competitive interaction of iron and zinc in the diet: consequences for human nutrition. J Nutr 1986: 927-35.
35. Thurlow RA, Winichagoon, P, Green T, Wasantwisut E, Pongcharoen T, Baily KB, Gibson RS. Only a small proportion of anemia in northeast Thai schoolchildren is associated with iron deficiency. Am J Clin Nutr 2005: 380-7.
36. Zimmermann MB, Fucharoen S, Winichagoon P, Sirankapracha P, Zeder C, Gowachirapant S, Judprasong K, Tanno T, Miller J, Hurrell RF. Iron metabolism in heterozygotes for haemoglobin E (HbE), α-thalassemia1 or β-thalassemia and in compound heterozygotes for HbE/β-thalassemia. Am J Clin Nutr 2008: 1026-31.
37. Sanchaisuriya K, Fucharoen S, Ratanasiri T, Sanchaisuriya P, Fucharoen G, Dietz E, Schelp FP. Effect of the maternal E-globin gene on hematologic responses to iron supplementation during pregnancy. Am J Clin Nutr 2007: 474–9.
2. Boontaveevywat N, Kwanbunchan S, The heme iron content of urban and rural Thai diets. J Med Assoc Thai 2001: 1131-6.
3. Hallberg L. Bioavailability of iron in man. Ann Rev Nutr 1981: 123-47.
4. Hurrell R, Egli I. Iron bioavailability and dietary reference values. Am J Clin Nutr 2010; 91(suppl): 1461S–7S.
5. Beard JL, Dawson H, Pinero DJ. Iron metabolism: A comprehensive review. Nutr Rev 1996: 295-317.
6. Hallberg L, Hulten, Gramatkovski L. Iron absorption from the whole diet in man: how effective is the regulation of iron absorption. Am J Clin Nutr 1997: 347-56.
7. Hurrell RF. Phytic acid degradation as a means of improving iron absorption. Int J Vitamin Nutr Res 2004: 445–52.
8. Hurrell R, Egli I. Iron bioavailability and dietary reference values. Am J Clin Nutr 2010; 91(suppl): 1461S–7S.
9. Callender ST, Marney SR, Warner GT. Eggs and iron absorption. Brit J Haematol 1970: 657-65.
10. Hallberg L, Rossander-Hulthen L, Brune M, Gleerup A. Inhibition of haem-iron absorption in man by calcium. Br J Nutr 1993: 33-40.
11. Gillespie, S. Major issues in the control of iron deficiency. The Micronutrient Initiative, Ottawa, Canada and UNICEF, New York, USA, 1998.
12. Saarinen UM, Siimes MA, Dallman PR. Iron absorption in infants: high bioavailability of breast milk iron as indicated by the extrinsic tag method of iron absorption and by the concentration of serum ferritin. J Pediatr 1977: 36-9.
13. Domellöf M, Lönnerdal B, Abrams SA, Hernell O.Am J Clin Nutr 2002: 198–204.
14. Tuntawiroon M, Sritongkul N, Brume M, et al. Dose-dependent inhibitory effect of phenolic compounds in foods on nonheme-iron absorption in men. Am J Clin Nutr 1991: 554-7.
15. Tuntawiroon M, Sritongkul N, Rossander-Hulten L, Pleehachinda R, Suwanik R, Brune M, Hallberg L. Rice and iron absorption in man. Eur J Clin Nutr1990: 489-97.
16. Suttikomin W. Effect of blanching, boiling and stir-frying on total iron, vitamin C, phytate and tannin content in Thai vegetables. MS [thesis]. Bangkok: Faculty of Graduate Studies, Mahidol University, 2002.
17. Monsen ER, Balintfy JL. Calculating dietary iron bioavailability: Refinement and computerization. J Am Diet Assoc 1982: 307-11.
18. Hallberg L, Hulthen L. Prediction of dietary iron absorption: an algorithm for calculating absorption and bioavailability of dietary iron. Am J Clin Nutr. 2000:1147–60.
19. Beard JL, Laura E. Murray-Kolb, Haas JD, Lawrence F. Iron Absorption prediction equations lack agreement and underestimate iron absorption. J. Nutr.2007: 1741–6.
20. Nemeth E, Ganz T. Regulation of iron metabolism by hepcidin. Annu Rev Nutr 2006: 323-42.
21. Zimmermann MB, Hurrell RF. Nutritional iron deficiency. Lancet 2007: 511-520.
22. Allen LH, de Benoist B, Dary O, Hurrell R (eds.). Guidelines on food fortification with micronutrients. World Health Organization and Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations, WHO, Geneva, Switzerland, 2002.
23. Steiger G, Muller-Fischer N, Cori H, Conde-Petit B. Fortification of rice: technologies and nutrients. Ann NY Acad Sci 2014: 1-11.
24. Chavasit V, Porasuphatana S, Suthutvoravut U, Zeder C, Hurrell R. Iron bioavailability in 8–24-month-old Thai children from a micronutrient-fortified quick-cooking rice containing ferric ammonium citrate or a mixture of ferrous sulphate and ferric sodium ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid. Maternal and Child Nutrition 2015;11 (Suppl 4): 179–87.
25. Zimmermann MB, Winichagoon P, Gowachirapant S, Hess SY, Harrington M, Chavasit V, Lynch SR, Hurrell RF. Comparison of the efficacy of wheat-based snacks fortified with ferrous sulfate, electrolytic iron, or hydrogen-reduced elemental iron: randomized, double-blind, controlled trial in Thai women. Am J Clin Nutr 2005: 1276–82.
26. Moretti D, Zimmermann MB, Muthayya S, Thankachan P, Lee, T-C, Kurpad AV, Hurrell RF. Extruded rice fortified with micronized ground ferric pyrophosphate reduces iron deficiency in indian schoolchildren: A double-blind randomized controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr 2006: 822–9.
27. Walczyk T, Tuntipopipat S, Zeder C, Sirichakwal P, Wasantwisut E, Hurrell RF. Iron absorption by human subjects from different iron fortification compounds added to Thai fish sauce. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2005: 668–74.
28. Tuntipopipat S, Judprasong K, Zeder C, Wasantwisut E, Winichagoon P, Charoenkiatkul S, Hurrell R, Walczyk T. Chili, but not turmeric, inhibits iron absorption in young women from an iron-fortified composite meal. J Nutr 2006: 2970–4.
29. Gibbs M, Bailey KB, Lander RD, Fahmida U, Perlas L, Hess SY, Loechl CU, Winichagoon P, Gibson RS. The adequacy of micronutrient concentrations in manufactured complementary foods from low-income countries. J Fd Comp Anal 2011: 418-26.
30. Ziauddin Hyder SM, Persson LA, Chowdhury AMR, Ekström E. Do side-effects reduce compliance to iron supplementation? A study of daily- and weekly-dose regimens in pregnancy. J Health Pop Nutr 2002: 175-9.
31. Hallberg, L, Bjorn-Rasmussen, E, Ekenved, G, Garby,L, Rossander, L, Pleehachinda, R, Suwanik, R and Arvidsson, B. Absorption from iron tablets given with different types of meals. Scand J Haematol 1978: 215-24.
32. Wasantwisut E, Winichagoon P, Chitchumroonchokchai C, Yamborisut. U, Boonpraderm A, Pongcharoen T, Sranacharoenpong K, Russameesopaphorn W. Iron and zinc supplementation improved iron and zinc status, but not physical growth of apparently healthy, breast-fed infants in rural communities of northeast Thailand. J Nutr 2006: 2405-11
33. Wieringa FT, Berger J, Dijkhuizen MA, Hidayat A, Ninh NX, Utomo B, Wasantwisut E, Winichagoon P (2007). Combined iron and zinc supplementation in infants improved iron and zinc status, but interactions reduced efficacy in a multicountry trial in southeast Asia. J Nutr 137: 466-71.
34. Solomon NW. Competitive interaction of iron and zinc in the diet: consequences for human nutrition. J Nutr 1986: 927-35.
35. Thurlow RA, Winichagoon, P, Green T, Wasantwisut E, Pongcharoen T, Baily KB, Gibson RS. Only a small proportion of anemia in northeast Thai schoolchildren is associated with iron deficiency. Am J Clin Nutr 2005: 380-7.
36. Zimmermann MB, Fucharoen S, Winichagoon P, Sirankapracha P, Zeder C, Gowachirapant S, Judprasong K, Tanno T, Miller J, Hurrell RF. Iron metabolism in heterozygotes for haemoglobin E (HbE), α-thalassemia1 or β-thalassemia and in compound heterozygotes for HbE/β-thalassemia. Am J Clin Nutr 2008: 1026-31.
37. Sanchaisuriya K, Fucharoen S, Ratanasiri T, Sanchaisuriya P, Fucharoen G, Dietz E, Schelp FP. Effect of the maternal E-globin gene on hematologic responses to iron supplementation during pregnancy. Am J Clin Nutr 2007: 474–9.
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Published
2017-06-30
How to Cite
Winichagoon, P. (2017). Iron bioavailability. Journal of Nutrition Association of Thailand (Online), 52(1), 23–38. Retrieved from https://he01.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/JNAT/article/view/115866
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