HIV Antigen Testing
Keywords:
HIV Ag, p24 antigen, Prevalence of HIV-1 antigen in blood donorsAbstract
Abstract : After exposure to HIV-1, the core protein, p24, of HIV can be found in serum of an infected individual shortly after the infection on an average of 5 or 6 days before the appearance of antibodies. As virus specific antibodies are produced, they are complex with free antigens so that the level of free antigens in the circulation tends to decline or disappear during the asymptomatic
period of the disease, while the levels of envelopped antibody continue to rise to a plateau over a period of several weeks, remaining stable through later phases of AIDS. As the most serious phase of disease develops the level of anti-p24 declines. With this antibody
decline, there is a reapperance of the p24 antigen, therefore the obiective of the detection of p24 antigen in the early antigenemea is an aid in the diagnosis of early infection, while in the later stage is of prognostic order and therapeutic follow up. The biological principles of HIV Ag testing is antibody sandwich ELISA, all positive samples are retested in duplicate and all repeatedly positive samples have been tested in a neutralization test. A specimen is considered positive if the reduction in absorbance of the neutralized specimen is 50% or greater when compared to the non-neutralized control. HIV antigen screening test appeared to be somewhat effective in narrowing the HIV windows. The consideratin for HIV antigen screening in each country should be upon the prevalence of HIV infection and the presence of HIV infectious window.
Downloads
References
Gottlieb MS, Schroff R, et. al. Pheumocystis carinii pneumonia and mucosal candidiasis in previously healthy homosexual men: evidence of a new acquired immunodeficiency. N Engl J Med 1981;305:1425-31.
Harris C, Small CB, et al. Immunodeficiency in female sexual partners of men with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. N Engi J Med 1981,3081181-4.
Centers for Disease Control. Pheumocystis carinii pneumonia among persons with hemophilia A. MMWR 31:365-7.
Centers for Disease Control. Possible transfusion-associated acquired immune deficiency (AIDS)-California. MMWR 31:652-4.
Centers for Disease Control. Unexplained immunodeficiency and opportunistic infection in infants-New York, New Jersey and California transfusion-associated acquired immune deficiency (AIDS)-California, MMWR 31:665-7.
Salahuddin SZ, Markham PD, Popovic M, Sarngadaran MG, Orndoff S, Fladagar A, Patel S, Gold J, Gallo RC. Isolation of infectious human T-cell leukemia/lymphotropic virus type III (HTLV-III) from patients with acquired immunodeticiency syndrome (AIDS) or AIDS-related complex (ARC) and healthy carriers: a study of risk groups and tissue sources. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1985;82:5530-4.
Lange JMA, Coutinho RA, Krone WJA, Verdonck LF, Danner SA, van der Noordaa J, Goudsmit J. Distinct IgG recognition patterns during progression of sub-clinical and clinical infection with lymphadenopathy associated virus/human I lymphotropic virus. Br Med J 1986;292:228-30.
Coutinho RA, Goudsmit J, Paul DA, de Wolf F, Lange JMA, van der Noordaa J. Dutch AIDS-study group, The natural history of HIV infection in homosexual men. Ann Inst Pasteur Virol 1987;138:67-74.
Ritter J, Escaich S, Trepo C, Sepetian M. HIV antigen detection in antibody negative sera. Abstract 1627 International AIDS Congress.
Casey JM, Kim Y, Andersen PR, Watson KF, Fox JL, Devare SG. Human T-cell Iymphotropic virus type Ill: immunologic characterization and primary structure analysis of the major internal protein, p24. J Virology 1985;55:417-23.
Veronese FD, Sarngadharan MG, Rahman R, Markham PD, Popovic M. Bodner AJ, Gallo RC. Monoclonal antibodies specific for p24, the major core protein of human T-cell leukemia virus type III. Nati Acad Sci USA 1985;82:5199-202.
Schupback J, Haller O, Vogt M, Luthyr R, Joller H, Olelz O, Popovic M, Sarngadharan MG, Gallo RC. Antibodies to HTLV-III in Swiss patients with AIDS and pre-AIDS and in groups at risk for AIDS. N Engl J Med 1985;312:265-70.
Pan L-Z, Cheng-Mayer C, Levy JA. Patterns of antibody response in individuals infected with the human immunodeficiency virus. J Infect Dis 1987;155:626-32.
Enzensberger Doen HHW, Preiser W, Storkel F, Hach-Wunderle V, Scharrer I. Kinetics of HIV-antigen and antibodies in HIV infected haemophiliacs. Abstract 1623 International AIDS Congress.
Fenouillet E, Blanes N, Coutellier A, Gluckman JC. Relationship between anti-p24 antibody levels and p24 antigenemia in HIV- infected patients. AIDS Res and Human Retroviruses 1993;9:1251-5.
Busch MP, LEE LLL, Satten GA, et al. Time course of detection of viral and serologic marker preceding human immunodeficiency virus type 1 seroconversion: implications for screening of blood and tissue donors. Transfusion 1995;35:91-7.
Lange JMA, Paul DA, et al. Viral gene expression, antibody production and immune complex formation in human immunodeficiency virus infection. Long-term HIV-1 infection without immunologic progression. AIDS 1987;1:15-20.
สุทน วงษ์ชี5. National guideline for HIV testing. Classification of HIV testing. 2539:38-9.
HIV-1 p24 antigen ELISA test system Ortho product: Instruction.
TRCS, NBC, Routine laboratory section, Prevalence of HIV-Ag in Thai Blood Donor 1993-19997.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
