Chick Quality and One Day Old Chick Assessment at Hatchery
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Published:
Dec 16, 2019
Keywords:
chick quality, chick quality assessment, Pasgar score, Tona score
Main Article Content
Abstract
One-day old chick quality is one of the great importance factor for hatcheries success and broiler productivity. In general, chick quality relies on many factors as broiler breeder farms to incubation period. Therefore, these factors were divided as pre-incubation and incubation period factors which effect to embryo development, chick quality and post-hatch broiler performance. Chick quality measurements considered with parameters as visual scoring, feather color, vitality, navel quality, chick weight, chick yield, yolk free body mass, chick length, Tona or Pasgar score. These parameters are classified as qualitative and quantitative scoring methods. While some qualitative parameters have been developed for convert into quantitative parameter. Also, this review aims to provide the information of the factors effecting to one-day old chick quality and also scoring methods.
Article Details
Section
Review articles
References
Ali, D.O., Drüggelte, R.S. Review of different day-old chick quality parameters in layer type
Breeds [internet]; 2016 [Cite 2019 Apr 11]. Available from: https://zootecnicainternational. com/poultry-facts/review-different-day-old-chick-quality-parameters-layer-type-breeds/
Ar, A., Rahn, H. 1980. Water in the avian egg: overall budget of incubation. American Zoologist 20,
373–384.
Boerjan, M. 2002. Programs for single stage incubation and chick quality. Avian and Poultry Biology
Reviews 13, 237-238.
Boerjan, M. 2006. Chick vitality and uniformity. International hatchery practice 20, 7-8.
Cadirci, S. 2009. Disinfection of hatching eggs by formaldehyde fumigation - a review. Archieve für
Geflügelkunde 73, 116-123.
Decuypere, E., Michels, H. 1992. Incubation temperature as a management tool: A review. World's
Poultry Science Journal 48, 28-38.
Decuypere, E., Tona, K., Brugeman, V., Bramelis, F. 2001. The day-old chick: a crucial hinge
between breeders and broilers. World Poultry Science Journal 57, 135-138.
Decuypere, E., Tona, K., Bamelis, F., Careghi, C., Kemps, B., De Ketelaere, B., De Baerdemaker,
J., Bruggeman, V. 2002. Broiler breeders and egg factors interacting with incubation
conditions for optimal hatchability and chick quality. Archieve für Geflügelkunde 66, 56-57
Decuypere, E., Bruggeman, V. 2007. The endocrine interface of environmental and egg factors
affecting chick quality. Poultry Science 86, 1037-1042.
Deeming, D.C. 1989. Characteristic of unturned eggs: critical period, retarded embryonic growth
and poor albumen utilisation. British Poultry Science 30, 239-249.
Deeming, D.C. 2000. What is chick quality? World Poultry Science Journal 11, 34-35.
Deeming, D.C. 2005. Yolk sac, body dimensions and hatchling quality of ducklings, chicks and
poults. British Poultry Science 46, 560-564.
Fasenko, G.M., O’Dea, E.E. 2008. Evaluating broiler growth and mortality in chicks with minor
navel conditions at hatching. Poultry Science 87, 594-597.
Geidam, Y.A., Bukar, M.M., Ambali, A.G. 2006. Chick quality control: A key to a sustainable
poultry production in Nigeria. Nigerian Veterinary Journal 27, 1-6.
Hill, D. 2001. Chick length uniformity profiles as a field measurement of chick quality. Avian Poultry
Biology Reviews 12, 188.
Ipek, A., Sözcü, A. 2013. Broiler chick quality and scoring methods. Journal of Agricultural Faculty
of Uludag University 2, 131-137.
Jabbar, A., Ditta, Y.A. 2017. Effect of Broiler Breeders Age on Hatchability, Candling, Water
Loss, Chick Yield and Dead in Shell. World’s Veterinary Journal 7, 40-46.
Khan, K.A., Khan, S.A., Hamid, S., Aslam, A., Rabbani, M. 2002. A study on the pathogenesis of
yolk retention in broiler chicks. Pakistan Veterinary Journal 22, 175-180.
Lourens, S. 2003. Residual yolk and egg weight loss during incubation under controlled eggshell
temperatures. Avian and Poultry Biology Reviews 14, 209-211.
Lundy, H. 1969. A review of the effects of temperature, humidity turning and gaseous environment
in the ıncubator on hatchability of hen’s eggs, In: The Fertility and Hatchability of Hen’s Eggs, T.C. Carter, B.M. Freeman, Ed. Oliver and Boyd, Edinburgh, 143-176.
Meijerhof, R. 2003. Problem solving in the commercial broiler sector. Avian and Poultry Biology
Reviews 14, 212-214.
Meijerhof, R. 2005a. Defining and measuring quality of the day olds. International hatchery
Practice 19, 31.
Meijerhof R. What counts for chick quality? 2005b [Cited 2019 May 10]. Available from:
https://www.thepoultrysite.com/articles/432/what-counts-for-chick-quality/
Meijerhof, R. 2006. Chick size matters. World Poultry Science Journal 22, 30-31.
Meijerhof, R. 2009. Incubation principles: What does the embryo expect from us? Proceedings of
the 20th Australian Poultry Science Symposium. Sydney, Australia. 106-110.
Molenaar, R., Reijrink, I. Chick length and organ development. 2006 [Cited 2019 May 10].
Available from: https://hatchtechgroup.com/media/documenten/chicklengthandorgandevelop ment.pdf
Molenaar, R., Reijerink, I.A.M., Meijerhof, R., Van den Brand. H. 2008. Relationship between
hatchling length and weight on later productive performance in broilers. World’s Poultry
Science Journal 64, 599-604.
Molenaar, R. Evaluation Of Chick Quality; Which Method Do You Choose?. 2011 [Cited 2019 Oct 6].
Available from: https://hatchtech.com/media/documenten/evaluationofchickqualitywhich methoddoyouchoose.pdf
O’Dea, E.E., Fasenko, G.M., Feddes, J.J., Robinson, F.E., Segura, J.C., Ouellette C.A. 2004.
Investigating the eggshell conductance and embryonic metabolism of modern and unselected domestic avian genetic strains at two flock ages. Poultry Science 83, 2059-2070.
Peebles, E.D., Gardner, C.W., Brake, J., Benton, C.E., Bruzual, J.J., Gerard, P.D. 2000. Albumen
height and yolk and embryo compositions in broiler hatching eggs during incubation. Poultry Science 79, 1373-1377.
Petek, M., Orman, A., Dikmen, S., Alpay, F. 2010. Physical chick parameters and effects on growth
performance in broiler. Archiv Tierzucht 53, 108-115.
Preez, J.H. 2007. The effect of different incubation temperatures on chick quality. Master of
philosophy in livestock industry management. Department of Poultry Science, University of
Stellenbosch.
Raghavan, V. 1999. Give day-old chicks the best start. World Poultry Science Journal 15, 28-29.
Rai, M.F., Khan, S.A., Aslam, A., Saeed, K., Khan, K.A., Shah, M.S. 2003. Effect of experimental yolk
sac infections with Staphylococcus aureus on immune status of broilers. Pakistan Veterinary Journal 23, 84-90.
Rai, M.F., Khan, S.A., Aslam, A., Saeed, K. 2005. Effects of yolk sac infection in chicken. Avian and
poultry biology reviews 16, 87-93.
Roque, L., Soares, M.C. 1994. Effects of eggshell quality and broiler breeder age on hatchability.
Poultry Science 73, 1838-1845.
Shafey, T.M. 2004. Effect of lighted incubation on embryonic growth and hatchability performance
of two strains of layer breeder eggs. British Poultry Science 45, 223-229.
Sklan, D., Heifetz, Halevy, S.O. 2003. Heavier chicks at hatch improves marketing body weight
by enhancing skeletal muscle growth. Poultry Science 82, 1778-1786.
Suarez, M.E., Wilson, H.R., Mather, F.B., Wilcox, C.J., McPherson, B.N. 1997. Effect of strain
and age of the broiler breeder female on incubation time and chick weight. Poultry Science
76, 1029-1036.
Tona, K., Decuypere, E., Coucke, W. 2001. Effect of strain, hen age and transferring eggs from
turning to stationary trays after 15 to 18 daysof incubation. British Poultry Science 42, 663-667.
Tona, K., Bamelis, F., De Ketelaere, B., Bruggeman, V., Moraes, V.M.B., Buyse, J., Onagbesan,
O., Decuypere, E. 2003. Effects of egg storage time on spread of hatch, chick quality and
chick juvenile growth. Poultry Science 82, 736-741.
Tona, K., Onagbesan, O., De Ketelaere, B., Decuypere, E., Bruggeman, V. 2004. Effects of age
of broiler breeders and egg storage on egg quality, hatchability, chick quality, chick weight and chick post-hatch growth to 42 days. Journal of Applied Poultry Research 13, 10-18.
Tona, K., Bruggeman, V., Onagbesan, O., Bamelis, F., Gbeassor, M., Mertens, K., Decuypere, E.
2005a. Day-old chick quality: Relationship to hatching egg quality, adequate incubation practice and prediction of broiler performance. Avian and Poultry Biology Reviews 16, 109-119.
Tona, K., Onagbesan, B., De Ketelaere, B., Bruggeman, V., Decuypere, E. 2005b. Interrelationships
between chick quality parameters and the effect of individual parameters on broiler relative growth to 7 days of age. Archieve für Geflügelkunde 2, 67-72.
Van de Ven, L.J.F., van Wagenberg, A.V., Uitdehaag, K.A., Groot Koerkamp, P.W.G., Kemp, B., van
den Brand, H. 2012. Significance of chick quality score in broiler production. Animal 6, 1677-1683.
Willemsen, H., Everaert, N., Witters, A., De Dmit, L., Debonne, M., Verschuere, F., Garain, P.,
Berckmans, D., Decuypere, E., Bruggeman, V. 2008. Critical assesment of chick quality
measurements as an indicator of posthatch performance. Poultry Science 87, 2358-2366.
Wilson, H.R. 1991. Interrelationship of egg size, chick size, posthatching growth and hatchability.
World’s Poultry Science Journal 47, 5-19.
Wolanski, N.J., Luiten, E.J., Meijerhof, R., Vereijken, A.L.J. 2003. Yolk utilisation and chick
length as parameters for embryo development. Avian and Poultry Biology Reviews 15, 233-
234.
Wolanski, N.J., Luiten, E.J., Meijerhof, R., Vereijken, A.L.J. 2004. Yolk utilization and chick length as
parameters for embryo development. Avian and Poultry biology review 15, 233-234.
Wolanski, N. J., Renema, R.A., Robinson, F.E., Carney, V.L., Fancher, B.I. 2006. Relationship
between chick conformation and quality measures with early growth traits in males of eight
selected pure or commercial broiler breeder strains. Poultry Science 85, 1490-1497.
Breeds [internet]; 2016 [Cite 2019 Apr 11]. Available from: https://zootecnicainternational. com/poultry-facts/review-different-day-old-chick-quality-parameters-layer-type-breeds/
Ar, A., Rahn, H. 1980. Water in the avian egg: overall budget of incubation. American Zoologist 20,
373–384.
Boerjan, M. 2002. Programs for single stage incubation and chick quality. Avian and Poultry Biology
Reviews 13, 237-238.
Boerjan, M. 2006. Chick vitality and uniformity. International hatchery practice 20, 7-8.
Cadirci, S. 2009. Disinfection of hatching eggs by formaldehyde fumigation - a review. Archieve für
Geflügelkunde 73, 116-123.
Decuypere, E., Michels, H. 1992. Incubation temperature as a management tool: A review. World's
Poultry Science Journal 48, 28-38.
Decuypere, E., Tona, K., Brugeman, V., Bramelis, F. 2001. The day-old chick: a crucial hinge
between breeders and broilers. World Poultry Science Journal 57, 135-138.
Decuypere, E., Tona, K., Bamelis, F., Careghi, C., Kemps, B., De Ketelaere, B., De Baerdemaker,
J., Bruggeman, V. 2002. Broiler breeders and egg factors interacting with incubation
conditions for optimal hatchability and chick quality. Archieve für Geflügelkunde 66, 56-57
Decuypere, E., Bruggeman, V. 2007. The endocrine interface of environmental and egg factors
affecting chick quality. Poultry Science 86, 1037-1042.
Deeming, D.C. 1989. Characteristic of unturned eggs: critical period, retarded embryonic growth
and poor albumen utilisation. British Poultry Science 30, 239-249.
Deeming, D.C. 2000. What is chick quality? World Poultry Science Journal 11, 34-35.
Deeming, D.C. 2005. Yolk sac, body dimensions and hatchling quality of ducklings, chicks and
poults. British Poultry Science 46, 560-564.
Fasenko, G.M., O’Dea, E.E. 2008. Evaluating broiler growth and mortality in chicks with minor
navel conditions at hatching. Poultry Science 87, 594-597.
Geidam, Y.A., Bukar, M.M., Ambali, A.G. 2006. Chick quality control: A key to a sustainable
poultry production in Nigeria. Nigerian Veterinary Journal 27, 1-6.
Hill, D. 2001. Chick length uniformity profiles as a field measurement of chick quality. Avian Poultry
Biology Reviews 12, 188.
Ipek, A., Sözcü, A. 2013. Broiler chick quality and scoring methods. Journal of Agricultural Faculty
of Uludag University 2, 131-137.
Jabbar, A., Ditta, Y.A. 2017. Effect of Broiler Breeders Age on Hatchability, Candling, Water
Loss, Chick Yield and Dead in Shell. World’s Veterinary Journal 7, 40-46.
Khan, K.A., Khan, S.A., Hamid, S., Aslam, A., Rabbani, M. 2002. A study on the pathogenesis of
yolk retention in broiler chicks. Pakistan Veterinary Journal 22, 175-180.
Lourens, S. 2003. Residual yolk and egg weight loss during incubation under controlled eggshell
temperatures. Avian and Poultry Biology Reviews 14, 209-211.
Lundy, H. 1969. A review of the effects of temperature, humidity turning and gaseous environment
in the ıncubator on hatchability of hen’s eggs, In: The Fertility and Hatchability of Hen’s Eggs, T.C. Carter, B.M. Freeman, Ed. Oliver and Boyd, Edinburgh, 143-176.
Meijerhof, R. 2003. Problem solving in the commercial broiler sector. Avian and Poultry Biology
Reviews 14, 212-214.
Meijerhof, R. 2005a. Defining and measuring quality of the day olds. International hatchery
Practice 19, 31.
Meijerhof R. What counts for chick quality? 2005b [Cited 2019 May 10]. Available from:
https://www.thepoultrysite.com/articles/432/what-counts-for-chick-quality/
Meijerhof, R. 2006. Chick size matters. World Poultry Science Journal 22, 30-31.
Meijerhof, R. 2009. Incubation principles: What does the embryo expect from us? Proceedings of
the 20th Australian Poultry Science Symposium. Sydney, Australia. 106-110.
Molenaar, R., Reijrink, I. Chick length and organ development. 2006 [Cited 2019 May 10].
Available from: https://hatchtechgroup.com/media/documenten/chicklengthandorgandevelop ment.pdf
Molenaar, R., Reijerink, I.A.M., Meijerhof, R., Van den Brand. H. 2008. Relationship between
hatchling length and weight on later productive performance in broilers. World’s Poultry
Science Journal 64, 599-604.
Molenaar, R. Evaluation Of Chick Quality; Which Method Do You Choose?. 2011 [Cited 2019 Oct 6].
Available from: https://hatchtech.com/media/documenten/evaluationofchickqualitywhich methoddoyouchoose.pdf
O’Dea, E.E., Fasenko, G.M., Feddes, J.J., Robinson, F.E., Segura, J.C., Ouellette C.A. 2004.
Investigating the eggshell conductance and embryonic metabolism of modern and unselected domestic avian genetic strains at two flock ages. Poultry Science 83, 2059-2070.
Peebles, E.D., Gardner, C.W., Brake, J., Benton, C.E., Bruzual, J.J., Gerard, P.D. 2000. Albumen
height and yolk and embryo compositions in broiler hatching eggs during incubation. Poultry Science 79, 1373-1377.
Petek, M., Orman, A., Dikmen, S., Alpay, F. 2010. Physical chick parameters and effects on growth
performance in broiler. Archiv Tierzucht 53, 108-115.
Preez, J.H. 2007. The effect of different incubation temperatures on chick quality. Master of
philosophy in livestock industry management. Department of Poultry Science, University of
Stellenbosch.
Raghavan, V. 1999. Give day-old chicks the best start. World Poultry Science Journal 15, 28-29.
Rai, M.F., Khan, S.A., Aslam, A., Saeed, K., Khan, K.A., Shah, M.S. 2003. Effect of experimental yolk
sac infections with Staphylococcus aureus on immune status of broilers. Pakistan Veterinary Journal 23, 84-90.
Rai, M.F., Khan, S.A., Aslam, A., Saeed, K. 2005. Effects of yolk sac infection in chicken. Avian and
poultry biology reviews 16, 87-93.
Roque, L., Soares, M.C. 1994. Effects of eggshell quality and broiler breeder age on hatchability.
Poultry Science 73, 1838-1845.
Shafey, T.M. 2004. Effect of lighted incubation on embryonic growth and hatchability performance
of two strains of layer breeder eggs. British Poultry Science 45, 223-229.
Sklan, D., Heifetz, Halevy, S.O. 2003. Heavier chicks at hatch improves marketing body weight
by enhancing skeletal muscle growth. Poultry Science 82, 1778-1786.
Suarez, M.E., Wilson, H.R., Mather, F.B., Wilcox, C.J., McPherson, B.N. 1997. Effect of strain
and age of the broiler breeder female on incubation time and chick weight. Poultry Science
76, 1029-1036.
Tona, K., Decuypere, E., Coucke, W. 2001. Effect of strain, hen age and transferring eggs from
turning to stationary trays after 15 to 18 daysof incubation. British Poultry Science 42, 663-667.
Tona, K., Bamelis, F., De Ketelaere, B., Bruggeman, V., Moraes, V.M.B., Buyse, J., Onagbesan,
O., Decuypere, E. 2003. Effects of egg storage time on spread of hatch, chick quality and
chick juvenile growth. Poultry Science 82, 736-741.
Tona, K., Onagbesan, O., De Ketelaere, B., Decuypere, E., Bruggeman, V. 2004. Effects of age
of broiler breeders and egg storage on egg quality, hatchability, chick quality, chick weight and chick post-hatch growth to 42 days. Journal of Applied Poultry Research 13, 10-18.
Tona, K., Bruggeman, V., Onagbesan, O., Bamelis, F., Gbeassor, M., Mertens, K., Decuypere, E.
2005a. Day-old chick quality: Relationship to hatching egg quality, adequate incubation practice and prediction of broiler performance. Avian and Poultry Biology Reviews 16, 109-119.
Tona, K., Onagbesan, B., De Ketelaere, B., Bruggeman, V., Decuypere, E. 2005b. Interrelationships
between chick quality parameters and the effect of individual parameters on broiler relative growth to 7 days of age. Archieve für Geflügelkunde 2, 67-72.
Van de Ven, L.J.F., van Wagenberg, A.V., Uitdehaag, K.A., Groot Koerkamp, P.W.G., Kemp, B., van
den Brand, H. 2012. Significance of chick quality score in broiler production. Animal 6, 1677-1683.
Willemsen, H., Everaert, N., Witters, A., De Dmit, L., Debonne, M., Verschuere, F., Garain, P.,
Berckmans, D., Decuypere, E., Bruggeman, V. 2008. Critical assesment of chick quality
measurements as an indicator of posthatch performance. Poultry Science 87, 2358-2366.
Wilson, H.R. 1991. Interrelationship of egg size, chick size, posthatching growth and hatchability.
World’s Poultry Science Journal 47, 5-19.
Wolanski, N.J., Luiten, E.J., Meijerhof, R., Vereijken, A.L.J. 2003. Yolk utilisation and chick
length as parameters for embryo development. Avian and Poultry Biology Reviews 15, 233-
234.
Wolanski, N.J., Luiten, E.J., Meijerhof, R., Vereijken, A.L.J. 2004. Yolk utilization and chick length as
parameters for embryo development. Avian and Poultry biology review 15, 233-234.
Wolanski, N. J., Renema, R.A., Robinson, F.E., Carney, V.L., Fancher, B.I. 2006. Relationship
between chick conformation and quality measures with early growth traits in males of eight
selected pure or commercial broiler breeder strains. Poultry Science 85, 1490-1497.