Ocular Ischemic Syndrome
Keywords:
carotid artery occlusion, carotid artery imaging, chronic ocular hypoperfusion, ocular ischemic syndromeAbstract
Ocular ischemic syndrome (OIS) is a rare, but visual-threatening, condition comprise of a spectrum of clinical findings resulting from chronic ocular hypoperfusion. Establishing an accurate diagnosis is challenging due to its variable presentations. OIS usually signifies underlying carotid occlusive disease and may be its sole clinical presentation. Other etiologies that cause reduce blood flow to the orbital area may also responsible for OIS. Majority of the patients experience visual loss and orbital pain. Ocular manifestations include iris neovascularization, iris atrophy and characteristic posterior segment findings such as dilated retinal veins, mid-periphery retinal hemorrhages, microaneurysms and optic disc neovascularization. Carotid artery imaging and fundus fluorescein angiography assist establishing the diagnosis of ocular ischemic syndrome. Apart from ocular manifestations, affected patients are also at risk for cerebral and cardiovascular morbidities. Timely diagnosis and proper multidisciplinary team treatment are crucial not only to visual prognosis but also to patient survival. This review article presents the current knowledge on ocular ischemic syndrome.
References
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2. Mendrinos E, Machinis TG, Pournaras CJ. Ocular ischemic syndrome. Surv Ophthalmol. 2010;55(1):2-34.
3. Sivalingam A, Brown GC, Magargal LE. The ocular ischemic syndrome. III. Visual prognosis and the effect of treatment. Int Ophthalmol. 1991;15(1):15-20.
4. Brown GC, Magargal LE. The ocular ischemic syndrome. Clinical, fluorescein angiographic and carotid angiographic features. Int Ophthalmol. 1988;11(2):239-51.
5. Kearns TP, Hollenhorst RW. Venous-Stasis Retinopathy of Occlusive Disease of the Carotid Artery. Proc Staff Meet Mayo Clin. 1963;38:304-12.
6. Knox DL. Ischemic ocular inflammation. Am J Ophthalmol. 1965;60(6):995-1002.
7. Diener HC, Ruprecht KW. Ocular key symptoms of extracranial cerebrovascular disease. Arch Psychiatr Nervenkr (1970). 1981;230(2):129-39.
8. Biousse V. Carotid disease and the eye. Curr Opin Ophthalmol. 1997;8(6):16-26.
9. Sivalingam A, Brown GC, Magargal LE, Menduke H. The ocular ischemic syndrome. II. Mortality and systemic morbidity. Int Ophthalmol. 1989;13(3):187-91.
10. Sharma S, Brown GC. Ocular Ischemic Syndrome. 4th ed. Ryan SJ, Hinton DR, Schachat AP, editors. Philadelphia: Elsevier/Mosby; 2006.
11. Sturrock GD, Mueller HR. Chronic ocular ischaemia. Br J Ophthalmol. 1984;68(10):716-23.
12. Klijn CJ, Kappelle LJ, van Schooneveld MJ, Hoppenreijs VP, Algra A, Tulleken CA, et al. Venous stasis retinopathy in symptomatic carotid artery occlusion: prevalence, cause, and outcome. Stroke. 2002;33(3):695-701.
13. Mizener JB, Podhajsky P, Hayreh SS. Ocular ischemic syndrome. Ophthalmology. 1977;104(5):859-64.
14. Costa VP, Kuzniec S, Molnar LJ, Cerri GG, Puech-Leão P, Carvalho CA. Clinical findings and hemodynamic changes associated with severe occlusive carotid artery disease. Ophthalmology. 1997;104(12):1994-2002.
15. Costa VP, Kuzniec S, Molnar LJ, Cerri GG, Puech-Leão P, Carvalho CA. Collateral blood supply through the ophthalmic artery: a steal phenomenon analyzed by color Doppler imaging. Ophthalmology. 1998;104(4):689-93.
16. KertyE, Eide N, Horven I. Ocular hemodynamic changes in patients with high-grade carotid occlusive disease and development of chronic ocular ischaemia. II. Clinical findings. Acta Ophthalmol Scand. 1995;73(1):72-6.
17. Peter J, David S, Danda D, Peter JV, Horo S, Joseph G. Ocular manifestations of Takayasu arteritis: a cross-sectional study. Retina. 2011;31(6):1170-78.
18. Huang ZL, Lin KH, Lee YC, Sheu MM, Tsai RK. Acute vision loss after intravitreal injection of bevacizumab (avastin) associated with ocular ischemic syndrome. Ophthalmologica. 2010;224(2):86-9.
19. Winterkorn JM, Beckman RL. Recovery from ocular ischemic syndrome after treatment with verapamil. J Neuroophthalmol. 1995;15(4):209-11.
20.Furlan AJ, Whisnant JP, Kearns TP. Unilateral visual loss in bright light. An unusual symptom of carotid artery occlusive diseaseArch Neurol 1979;36(11):675-6.
21. Kaiboriboon K, Piriyawat P, Selhorst JB. Light-induced amaurosis fugax Am J Ophthalmol 2001;131(5):674-6.
22.Hollenhorst RW, Kublin JG, Millikan CH. Ophthalmodynamometry in the diagnosis of intracerebral orthostatic hypotension. . Mayo Clin Proc 1963;38:532-47.
23.Levin LA, Mootha VV. Postprandial transient visual loss. A symptom of critical carotid stenosis. . Ophthalmology. 1997;104(3):397-401.
24.Lopez Sanchez E, Frances Munoz E, Mondejar Garcia JJ, Espana Gregori E, Menezo JL [Anterior pole ischemia and carotid stenosis]. Archivos de la Sociedad Espanola de Oftalmologia. 2000;75(6):421-4.
25.Chen CS, Miller NR. Ocular ischemic syndrome: review of clinical presentations, etiology, investigation, and management. Comprehensive ophthalmology update. 2007;8(1):17-28.
26.Kerty E, Eide N. Chronic ocular ischaemia. Acta ophthalmologica. 1989;67(4):386-92.
27. Dhooge M, de Laey JJ. The ocular ischemic syndrome. Bulletin de la Societe belge d’ophtalmologie. 1989;231:1-13.
28.Brown GC, Brown MM, Magargal LE. The ocular ischemic syndrome and neovascularization. Transactions - Pennsylvania Academy of Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology. 1986;38(1):302-6.
29.Jacobs NA, Ridgway AE. Syndrome of ischaemic ocular inflammation: six cases and a review. Br J Ophthalmol. 1985;69(9):681-7.
30.Mills RP. Anterior segment ischemia secondary to carotid occlusive disease. Journal of clinical neuro-ophthalmology. 1989;9(3):200-4.
31. McCrary JA, 3rd. Venous stasis retinopathy of stenotic or occlusive carotid origin. Journal of clinical neuro-ophthalmology. 1989;9(3):195-9.
32.Bogousslavsky J, Pedrazzi PL, Borruat FX, Regli F. Isolated complete orbital infarction: a common carotid artery occlusion syndrome. European neurology. 1991;31(2):72-6.
33.Duker JS, Brown GC, Bosley TM, Colt CA, Reber R. Asymmetric proliferative diabetic retinopathy and carotid artery disease. Ophthalmology. 1990;97(7):869-74.
34.Utsugi N, Takahashi K, Kishi S. Choroidal vascular occlusion in internal carotid artery obstruction. Retina. 2004;24(6):915-9.
35.Krieglstein GK, da Silva FA. [Comparative measurements of the ophthalmic arterial pressure using the Mikuni dynamometer and the Stepanik-arteriotonograph (author’s transl)]. Albrecht von Graefes Archiv fur klinische und experimentelle Ophthalmologie Albrecht von Graefe’s archive for clinical and
experimental ophthalmology. 1979;212(2):77-91.
36.SislerHA. A review of ophthalmodynamometry. Am J Ophthalmol. 1960;50:419-24.
37.Jonas JB, Niessen A. Ophthalmodynamometric diagnosis of unilateral ischemic ophthalmopathy. Am J Ophthalmol. 2002;134(6):911-2.
38.Kawaguchi S, Iida J-I, Uchiyama Y. Ocular Circulation and Chronic Ocular Ischemic Syndrome before and after Carotid Artery Revascularization Surgery. Journal of ophthalmology. 2012;2012:350475-.
39.Story JL, Held KS, Harrison JM, Cleland TP, Eubanks KD, Brown WE, Jr. The ocular ischemic syndrome in carotid artery occlusive disease: ophthalmic color Doppler flow velocity and electroretinographic changes following carotid artery reconstruction. Surgical neurology. 1995;44(6):534-5.
40.Taylor DC, Strandness DE, Jr. Carotid artery duplex scanning. Journal of clinical ultrasound : JCU. 1987;15(9):635-44.
41. Wardlaw JM, Chappell FM, Best JJ, Wartolowska K, Berry E. Non-invasive imaging compared with intra-arterial angiography in the diagnosis of symptomatic
carotid stenosis: a meta-analysis. Lancet (London, England). 2006;367(9521):1503-12.
42.Nederkoorn PJ, van der Graaf Y, Hunink MG. Duplex ultrasound and magnetic resonance angiography compared with digital subtraction angiography in carotid artery stenosis: a systematic review. Stroke. 2003;34(5):1324-32.
43.Alexandrov AV, Vital D, Brodie DS, Hamilton P, Grotta JC. Grading carotid stenosis with ultrasound. An interlaboratory comparison. Stroke. 1997;28(6):1208-10.
44.Hu HH, Sheng WY, Yen MY, Lai ST, Teng MM. Color Doppler imaging of orbital arteries for detection of carotid occlusive disease. Stroke. 1993;24(8):1196-203.
45.Lieb WE, Cohen SM, Merton DA, Shields JA, Mitchell DG, Goldberg BB. Color Doppler imaging of the eye and orbit. Technique and normal vascular anatomy. Archives of ophthalmology (Chicago, Ill : 1960). 1991;109(4):527-31.
46.Lieb WE, Flaharty PM, Sergott RC, Medlock RD, Brown GC, Bosley T, et al. Color Doppler imaging provides accurate assessment of orbital blood flow in occlusive carotid artery disease. Ophthalmology. 1991;98(4):548-52.
47.Reynolds PS, Greenberg JP, Lien LM, Meads DC, Myers LG, Tegeler CH. Ophthalmic artery flow direction on color flow duplex imaging is highly specific for severe carotid stenosis. Journal of neuroimaging : official journal of the American Society of Neuroimaging. 2002;12(1):5-8.
48.Costa VP, Kuzniec S, Molnar LJ, Cerri GG, Puech-Leao P, Carvalho CA. Collateral blood supply through the ophthalmic artery: a steal phenomenon analyzed by color Doppler imaging. Ophthalmology. 1998;105(4):689-93.
49.Ho AC, Lieb WE, Flaharty PM, Sergott RC, Brown GC, Bosley TM, et al. Color Doppler imaging of the ocular ischemic syndrome. Ophthalmology. 1992;99(9):1453-62.
50.Koelemay MJ, Nederkoorn PJ, Reitsma JB, Majoie CB. Systematic review of computed tomographic angiography for assessment of carotid artery disease. Stroke. 2004;35(10):2306-12.
51. Fayad ZA, Sirol M, Nikolaou K, Choudhury RP, Fuster V. Magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography in assessment of atherosclerotic plaque. Current Atherosclerosis Reports. 2004;6(3):232-42.
52.Nighoghossian N, Derex L, Douek P. The vulnerable carotid artery plaque: current imaging methods and new perspectives. Stroke. 2005;36(12):2764-72.
53.Saam T, Hatsukami TS, Takaya N, Chu B, Underhill H, Kerwin WS, et al. The vulnerable, or high-risk, atherosclerotic plaque: noninvasive MR imaging for characterization and assessment. Radiology. 2007;244(1):64-77.
54.Long A, Lepoutre A, Corbillon E, Branchereau A. Critical review of non- or minimally invasive methods (duplex ultrasonography, MR- and CT-angiography) for evaluating stenosis of the proximal internal carotid artery. European journal of vascular and endovascular surgery : the official journal of the European Society for Vascular Surgery. 2002;24(1):43-52.
55.MRC European Carotid Surgery Trial: interim results for symptomatic patients with severe (70-99%) or with mild (0-29%) carotid stenosis. European Carotid Surgery Trialists’ Collaborative Group. Lancet (London, England). 1991;337(8752):1235-43.
56.Barnett HJM, Taylor DW, Haynes RB, Sackett DL, Peerless SJ, Ferguson GG, et al. Beneficial effect of carotid endarterectomy in symptomatic patients with high-grade carotid stenosis. The New England journal of medicine. 1991;325(7):445-53.
57.Davies KN, Humphrey PR. Complications of cerebral angiography in patients with symptomatic carotid territory ischaemia screened by carotid ultrasound. Journal of neurology, neurosurgery, and psychiatry. 1993;56(9):967-72.
58.Hankey GJ, Warlow CP, Sellar RJ. Cerebral angiographic risk in mild cerebrovascular disease. Stroke. 1990;21(2):209-22.
59.Sivak-Callcott JA, O’Day DM, Gass JD, Tsai JC. Evidence-based recommendations for the diagnosis and treatment of neovascular glaucoma. Ophthalmology. 2001;108(10):1767-76; quiz77, 800.
60.Turut P, Malthieu D. [Failure of laser photocoagulation in ischemic retinopathy associated with carotid occlusion]. Bulletin des societes d’ophtalmologie de France. 1986;86(11):1297-9.
61. Hayreh SS, Baines JA. Occlusion of the vortex veins. An experimental study. Br J Ophthalmol. 1973;57(4):217-38.
62.Malhotra R, Gregory-Evans K. Management of ocular ischaemic syndrome. Br J Ophthalmol. 2000;84(12):1428-31.
63.Amselem L, Montero J, Diaz-Llopis M, Pulido JS, Bakri SJ, Palomares P, et al. Intravitreal bevacizumab (Avastin) injection in ocular ischemic syndrome. Am J Ophthalmol. 2007;144(1):122-4.
64.Chaturvedi S, Bruno A, Feasby T, Holloway R, Benavente O, Cohen SN, et al. Carotid endarterectomy--an evidence-based review: report of the Therapeutics and Technology Assessment Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology. 2005;65(6):794-801.
65. Goldstein LB, Adams R, Alberts MJ, Appel LJ, Brass LM, Bushnell CD, et al. Primary prevention of ischemic stroke: a guideline from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association Stroke Council: cosponsored by the Atherosclerotic Peripheral Vascular Disease Interdisciplinary Working Group; Cardiovascular Nursing Council; Clinical Cardiology Council; Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Metabolism Council; and the Quality of Care and Outcomes
Research Interdisciplinary Working Group: the American Academy of Neurology affirms the value of this guideline. Stroke. 2006;37(6):1583-633.
66.Kawaguchi S, Okuno S, Sakaki T, Nishikawa N. Effect of carotid endarterectomy on chronic ocular ischemic syndrome due to internal carotid artery stenosis. Neurosurgery. 2001;48(2):328-32; discussion 2-3.
67.Cohn EJ, Jr., Sandager GP, Benjamin ME, Lilly MP, Hanna DJ, Flinn WR. Assessment of ocular perfusion after carotid endarterectomy with color-flow duplex scanning. Journal of vascular surgery. 1999;29(4):665-71.
68.Chaer RA, Makaroun MS. Evolution of carotid stenting: indications. Seminars in vascular surgery. 2008;21(2):59-63.
69.Narins CR, Illig KA. Patient selection for carotid stenting versus endarterectomy: a systematic review. Journal of vascular surgery. 2006;44(3):661-72.
70.Kearns TP, Siekert RG, Sundt TM. The ocular aspects of carotid artery bypass surgery. Transactions of the American Ophthalmological Society. 1978;76:247-65.
2. Mendrinos E, Machinis TG, Pournaras CJ. Ocular ischemic syndrome. Surv Ophthalmol. 2010;55(1):2-34.
3. Sivalingam A, Brown GC, Magargal LE. The ocular ischemic syndrome. III. Visual prognosis and the effect of treatment. Int Ophthalmol. 1991;15(1):15-20.
4. Brown GC, Magargal LE. The ocular ischemic syndrome. Clinical, fluorescein angiographic and carotid angiographic features. Int Ophthalmol. 1988;11(2):239-51.
5. Kearns TP, Hollenhorst RW. Venous-Stasis Retinopathy of Occlusive Disease of the Carotid Artery. Proc Staff Meet Mayo Clin. 1963;38:304-12.
6. Knox DL. Ischemic ocular inflammation. Am J Ophthalmol. 1965;60(6):995-1002.
7. Diener HC, Ruprecht KW. Ocular key symptoms of extracranial cerebrovascular disease. Arch Psychiatr Nervenkr (1970). 1981;230(2):129-39.
8. Biousse V. Carotid disease and the eye. Curr Opin Ophthalmol. 1997;8(6):16-26.
9. Sivalingam A, Brown GC, Magargal LE, Menduke H. The ocular ischemic syndrome. II. Mortality and systemic morbidity. Int Ophthalmol. 1989;13(3):187-91.
10. Sharma S, Brown GC. Ocular Ischemic Syndrome. 4th ed. Ryan SJ, Hinton DR, Schachat AP, editors. Philadelphia: Elsevier/Mosby; 2006.
11. Sturrock GD, Mueller HR. Chronic ocular ischaemia. Br J Ophthalmol. 1984;68(10):716-23.
12. Klijn CJ, Kappelle LJ, van Schooneveld MJ, Hoppenreijs VP, Algra A, Tulleken CA, et al. Venous stasis retinopathy in symptomatic carotid artery occlusion: prevalence, cause, and outcome. Stroke. 2002;33(3):695-701.
13. Mizener JB, Podhajsky P, Hayreh SS. Ocular ischemic syndrome. Ophthalmology. 1977;104(5):859-64.
14. Costa VP, Kuzniec S, Molnar LJ, Cerri GG, Puech-Leão P, Carvalho CA. Clinical findings and hemodynamic changes associated with severe occlusive carotid artery disease. Ophthalmology. 1997;104(12):1994-2002.
15. Costa VP, Kuzniec S, Molnar LJ, Cerri GG, Puech-Leão P, Carvalho CA. Collateral blood supply through the ophthalmic artery: a steal phenomenon analyzed by color Doppler imaging. Ophthalmology. 1998;104(4):689-93.
16. KertyE, Eide N, Horven I. Ocular hemodynamic changes in patients with high-grade carotid occlusive disease and development of chronic ocular ischaemia. II. Clinical findings. Acta Ophthalmol Scand. 1995;73(1):72-6.
17. Peter J, David S, Danda D, Peter JV, Horo S, Joseph G. Ocular manifestations of Takayasu arteritis: a cross-sectional study. Retina. 2011;31(6):1170-78.
18. Huang ZL, Lin KH, Lee YC, Sheu MM, Tsai RK. Acute vision loss after intravitreal injection of bevacizumab (avastin) associated with ocular ischemic syndrome. Ophthalmologica. 2010;224(2):86-9.
19. Winterkorn JM, Beckman RL. Recovery from ocular ischemic syndrome after treatment with verapamil. J Neuroophthalmol. 1995;15(4):209-11.
20.Furlan AJ, Whisnant JP, Kearns TP. Unilateral visual loss in bright light. An unusual symptom of carotid artery occlusive diseaseArch Neurol 1979;36(11):675-6.
21. Kaiboriboon K, Piriyawat P, Selhorst JB. Light-induced amaurosis fugax Am J Ophthalmol 2001;131(5):674-6.
22.Hollenhorst RW, Kublin JG, Millikan CH. Ophthalmodynamometry in the diagnosis of intracerebral orthostatic hypotension. . Mayo Clin Proc 1963;38:532-47.
23.Levin LA, Mootha VV. Postprandial transient visual loss. A symptom of critical carotid stenosis. . Ophthalmology. 1997;104(3):397-401.
24.Lopez Sanchez E, Frances Munoz E, Mondejar Garcia JJ, Espana Gregori E, Menezo JL [Anterior pole ischemia and carotid stenosis]. Archivos de la Sociedad Espanola de Oftalmologia. 2000;75(6):421-4.
25.Chen CS, Miller NR. Ocular ischemic syndrome: review of clinical presentations, etiology, investigation, and management. Comprehensive ophthalmology update. 2007;8(1):17-28.
26.Kerty E, Eide N. Chronic ocular ischaemia. Acta ophthalmologica. 1989;67(4):386-92.
27. Dhooge M, de Laey JJ. The ocular ischemic syndrome. Bulletin de la Societe belge d’ophtalmologie. 1989;231:1-13.
28.Brown GC, Brown MM, Magargal LE. The ocular ischemic syndrome and neovascularization. Transactions - Pennsylvania Academy of Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology. 1986;38(1):302-6.
29.Jacobs NA, Ridgway AE. Syndrome of ischaemic ocular inflammation: six cases and a review. Br J Ophthalmol. 1985;69(9):681-7.
30.Mills RP. Anterior segment ischemia secondary to carotid occlusive disease. Journal of clinical neuro-ophthalmology. 1989;9(3):200-4.
31. McCrary JA, 3rd. Venous stasis retinopathy of stenotic or occlusive carotid origin. Journal of clinical neuro-ophthalmology. 1989;9(3):195-9.
32.Bogousslavsky J, Pedrazzi PL, Borruat FX, Regli F. Isolated complete orbital infarction: a common carotid artery occlusion syndrome. European neurology. 1991;31(2):72-6.
33.Duker JS, Brown GC, Bosley TM, Colt CA, Reber R. Asymmetric proliferative diabetic retinopathy and carotid artery disease. Ophthalmology. 1990;97(7):869-74.
34.Utsugi N, Takahashi K, Kishi S. Choroidal vascular occlusion in internal carotid artery obstruction. Retina. 2004;24(6):915-9.
35.Krieglstein GK, da Silva FA. [Comparative measurements of the ophthalmic arterial pressure using the Mikuni dynamometer and the Stepanik-arteriotonograph (author’s transl)]. Albrecht von Graefes Archiv fur klinische und experimentelle Ophthalmologie Albrecht von Graefe’s archive for clinical and
experimental ophthalmology. 1979;212(2):77-91.
36.SislerHA. A review of ophthalmodynamometry. Am J Ophthalmol. 1960;50:419-24.
37.Jonas JB, Niessen A. Ophthalmodynamometric diagnosis of unilateral ischemic ophthalmopathy. Am J Ophthalmol. 2002;134(6):911-2.
38.Kawaguchi S, Iida J-I, Uchiyama Y. Ocular Circulation and Chronic Ocular Ischemic Syndrome before and after Carotid Artery Revascularization Surgery. Journal of ophthalmology. 2012;2012:350475-.
39.Story JL, Held KS, Harrison JM, Cleland TP, Eubanks KD, Brown WE, Jr. The ocular ischemic syndrome in carotid artery occlusive disease: ophthalmic color Doppler flow velocity and electroretinographic changes following carotid artery reconstruction. Surgical neurology. 1995;44(6):534-5.
40.Taylor DC, Strandness DE, Jr. Carotid artery duplex scanning. Journal of clinical ultrasound : JCU. 1987;15(9):635-44.
41. Wardlaw JM, Chappell FM, Best JJ, Wartolowska K, Berry E. Non-invasive imaging compared with intra-arterial angiography in the diagnosis of symptomatic
carotid stenosis: a meta-analysis. Lancet (London, England). 2006;367(9521):1503-12.
42.Nederkoorn PJ, van der Graaf Y, Hunink MG. Duplex ultrasound and magnetic resonance angiography compared with digital subtraction angiography in carotid artery stenosis: a systematic review. Stroke. 2003;34(5):1324-32.
43.Alexandrov AV, Vital D, Brodie DS, Hamilton P, Grotta JC. Grading carotid stenosis with ultrasound. An interlaboratory comparison. Stroke. 1997;28(6):1208-10.
44.Hu HH, Sheng WY, Yen MY, Lai ST, Teng MM. Color Doppler imaging of orbital arteries for detection of carotid occlusive disease. Stroke. 1993;24(8):1196-203.
45.Lieb WE, Cohen SM, Merton DA, Shields JA, Mitchell DG, Goldberg BB. Color Doppler imaging of the eye and orbit. Technique and normal vascular anatomy. Archives of ophthalmology (Chicago, Ill : 1960). 1991;109(4):527-31.
46.Lieb WE, Flaharty PM, Sergott RC, Medlock RD, Brown GC, Bosley T, et al. Color Doppler imaging provides accurate assessment of orbital blood flow in occlusive carotid artery disease. Ophthalmology. 1991;98(4):548-52.
47.Reynolds PS, Greenberg JP, Lien LM, Meads DC, Myers LG, Tegeler CH. Ophthalmic artery flow direction on color flow duplex imaging is highly specific for severe carotid stenosis. Journal of neuroimaging : official journal of the American Society of Neuroimaging. 2002;12(1):5-8.
48.Costa VP, Kuzniec S, Molnar LJ, Cerri GG, Puech-Leao P, Carvalho CA. Collateral blood supply through the ophthalmic artery: a steal phenomenon analyzed by color Doppler imaging. Ophthalmology. 1998;105(4):689-93.
49.Ho AC, Lieb WE, Flaharty PM, Sergott RC, Brown GC, Bosley TM, et al. Color Doppler imaging of the ocular ischemic syndrome. Ophthalmology. 1992;99(9):1453-62.
50.Koelemay MJ, Nederkoorn PJ, Reitsma JB, Majoie CB. Systematic review of computed tomographic angiography for assessment of carotid artery disease. Stroke. 2004;35(10):2306-12.
51. Fayad ZA, Sirol M, Nikolaou K, Choudhury RP, Fuster V. Magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography in assessment of atherosclerotic plaque. Current Atherosclerosis Reports. 2004;6(3):232-42.
52.Nighoghossian N, Derex L, Douek P. The vulnerable carotid artery plaque: current imaging methods and new perspectives. Stroke. 2005;36(12):2764-72.
53.Saam T, Hatsukami TS, Takaya N, Chu B, Underhill H, Kerwin WS, et al. The vulnerable, or high-risk, atherosclerotic plaque: noninvasive MR imaging for characterization and assessment. Radiology. 2007;244(1):64-77.
54.Long A, Lepoutre A, Corbillon E, Branchereau A. Critical review of non- or minimally invasive methods (duplex ultrasonography, MR- and CT-angiography) for evaluating stenosis of the proximal internal carotid artery. European journal of vascular and endovascular surgery : the official journal of the European Society for Vascular Surgery. 2002;24(1):43-52.
55.MRC European Carotid Surgery Trial: interim results for symptomatic patients with severe (70-99%) or with mild (0-29%) carotid stenosis. European Carotid Surgery Trialists’ Collaborative Group. Lancet (London, England). 1991;337(8752):1235-43.
56.Barnett HJM, Taylor DW, Haynes RB, Sackett DL, Peerless SJ, Ferguson GG, et al. Beneficial effect of carotid endarterectomy in symptomatic patients with high-grade carotid stenosis. The New England journal of medicine. 1991;325(7):445-53.
57.Davies KN, Humphrey PR. Complications of cerebral angiography in patients with symptomatic carotid territory ischaemia screened by carotid ultrasound. Journal of neurology, neurosurgery, and psychiatry. 1993;56(9):967-72.
58.Hankey GJ, Warlow CP, Sellar RJ. Cerebral angiographic risk in mild cerebrovascular disease. Stroke. 1990;21(2):209-22.
59.Sivak-Callcott JA, O’Day DM, Gass JD, Tsai JC. Evidence-based recommendations for the diagnosis and treatment of neovascular glaucoma. Ophthalmology. 2001;108(10):1767-76; quiz77, 800.
60.Turut P, Malthieu D. [Failure of laser photocoagulation in ischemic retinopathy associated with carotid occlusion]. Bulletin des societes d’ophtalmologie de France. 1986;86(11):1297-9.
61. Hayreh SS, Baines JA. Occlusion of the vortex veins. An experimental study. Br J Ophthalmol. 1973;57(4):217-38.
62.Malhotra R, Gregory-Evans K. Management of ocular ischaemic syndrome. Br J Ophthalmol. 2000;84(12):1428-31.
63.Amselem L, Montero J, Diaz-Llopis M, Pulido JS, Bakri SJ, Palomares P, et al. Intravitreal bevacizumab (Avastin) injection in ocular ischemic syndrome. Am J Ophthalmol. 2007;144(1):122-4.
64.Chaturvedi S, Bruno A, Feasby T, Holloway R, Benavente O, Cohen SN, et al. Carotid endarterectomy--an evidence-based review: report of the Therapeutics and Technology Assessment Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology. 2005;65(6):794-801.
65. Goldstein LB, Adams R, Alberts MJ, Appel LJ, Brass LM, Bushnell CD, et al. Primary prevention of ischemic stroke: a guideline from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association Stroke Council: cosponsored by the Atherosclerotic Peripheral Vascular Disease Interdisciplinary Working Group; Cardiovascular Nursing Council; Clinical Cardiology Council; Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Metabolism Council; and the Quality of Care and Outcomes
Research Interdisciplinary Working Group: the American Academy of Neurology affirms the value of this guideline. Stroke. 2006;37(6):1583-633.
66.Kawaguchi S, Okuno S, Sakaki T, Nishikawa N. Effect of carotid endarterectomy on chronic ocular ischemic syndrome due to internal carotid artery stenosis. Neurosurgery. 2001;48(2):328-32; discussion 2-3.
67.Cohn EJ, Jr., Sandager GP, Benjamin ME, Lilly MP, Hanna DJ, Flinn WR. Assessment of ocular perfusion after carotid endarterectomy with color-flow duplex scanning. Journal of vascular surgery. 1999;29(4):665-71.
68.Chaer RA, Makaroun MS. Evolution of carotid stenting: indications. Seminars in vascular surgery. 2008;21(2):59-63.
69.Narins CR, Illig KA. Patient selection for carotid stenting versus endarterectomy: a systematic review. Journal of vascular surgery. 2006;44(3):661-72.
70.Kearns TP, Siekert RG, Sundt TM. The ocular aspects of carotid artery bypass surgery. Transactions of the American Ophthalmological Society. 1978;76:247-65.
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ผดุงเกียรติสกุล ธ. Ocular Ischemic Syndrome. J Thai Stroke Soc [Internet]. 2019 Apr. 29 [cited 2024 Nov. 24];18(1):42-58. Available from: https://he01.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/jtss/article/view/187479
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ข้อความภายในบทความที่ตีพิมพ์ในวารสารสมาคมโรคหลอดเลือดสมองไทยเล่มนี้ ตลอดจนความรับผิดชอบด้านเนื้อหาและการตรวจร่างบทความเป็นของผู้นิพนธ์ ไม่เกี่ยวข้องกับกองบรรณาธิการแต่อย่างใด การนำเนื้อหา ข้อความหรือข้อคิดเห็นของบทความไปเผยแพร่ ต้องได้รับอนุญาตจากกองบรรณาธิการอย่างเป็นลายลักษณ์อักษร ผลงานที่ได้รับการตีพิมพ์ในวารสารเล่มนี้ถือเป็นลิขสิทธิ์ของวารสาร
