Nasopharyngeal carcinoma
Abstract
-
References
1. Curado MP, Edwards B, Shin HR, Storm H, Ferley J, Heanue M. Nasopharyngeal carcinoma. In: Cancer in five continents, vol IX. Geneva: WHO press; 2007.
2. Khuhaprema T, Srivatanakul P, Attsara A, Sriplung H, Wiangnon H, Sumitsawan Y. Nasopharyngeal carcinoma. In: Cancer in Thailand. Bangkok, Ministry of helath; 2010, pp16-17.
3. สถิติโรคมะเร็ง โรงพยาบาลจุฬาลงกรณ์ ปี พ.ศ. 2555
4. Jia WH, Qin HD. Non-viral environmental risk factors for nasopharyngeal carcinoma: A systematic review. Seminar in Cancer Biology 2012;22:117-26.
5. Vasef MA, Ferlito A, Weiss LM. Nasopharyngeal carcinoma, with emphasis on its relationship to Epstein-Barr virus. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 1997;106:348–56.
6. Wang D, Liebowitz D, Kieff E. An EBV membrane protein expressed in immortalized lymphocytes transforms established rodent cells. Cell 1985;43:831–40.
7. Chou J, Lin YC, Kim J, You L, Xu Z, He B, et al. Nasopharyngeal carcinoma-Review of the molecular mechanisms of tumorigenesis. Head&Neck 2008;30:946-63.
8. Shi W, Bastianutto C, Li A, Perez-Ordonez B, Ng R, Chow KY, et al. Multiple dysregulated pathways in nasopharyngeal carcinoma revealed by gene expression profiling. Int J Cancer 2006;119:2467-75.
9. Zeng ZY, Zhou YH, Zhang WL, Xiong W, Fan SQ, Li XL, et al. Gene expression profiling of nasopharyngeal carcinoma reveals the abnormally regulated Wnt signaling pathway. Hum Pathol 2007;38:120–33.
10. Morrison J, Gulley M, Pathmanathan R, Raab-Traub N. Differential signaling pathways are activated in the Epstein-Barr virus-associated malignancies nasopharyngeal carcinoma and Hodgkin lymphoma. Cancer Res 2004;64:5251–60.
11. Ren Q, Sato H, Murono S, Furukawa M, Yoshizaki T.Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) latent membrane protein 1 induces interleukin-8 through the nuclear factor-jB signaling pathway in EBV-infected nasopharyngeal carcinoma cell line. Laryngoscope 2004;114:855–9.
12. Man C, Rosa J, Lee LT, Lee VH, Chow BK, Lo KW, et al. Latent membrane protein 1 suppresses RASSF1A expression, disrupts microtubule structures and induces chromosomal aberrations in human epithelial cells. Oncogene 2007;26:3069–80.
13. Deng l, Yang J, Zhao X, Deng XY, Zeng L, Gu HH et al. Cells in G2/M phase increased in human nasopharyngeal carcinoma cell line by EBV-LMP1 through activation of NF-jB and AP-1. Cell Res 2003;13:187–94.
14. Murono S, Inoue H, Tanabe T, Joab I, Yoshizaki T, Furukawa M, et al. Induction of cyclooxygenase-2 by Epstein-Barr virus latent membrane protein 1 is involved in vascular endothelial growth factor production in nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2001;98:6905–10.
15. Ding L, Li L, Yang J, Tao YG, Ye M, Shi Y, et al. Epstein-Barr virus encoded latent membrane protein 1 modulates nuclear translocation of telomerase reverse transcriptase protein by activating nuclear factor-kB p65 in human nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2005;37:1881–9.
16. Stewart S, Dawson CW, Takada K, Curnow J, Moody CA, Sixbey JW, et al. Epstein-Barr virus-encoded LMP2A regulates viral and cellular gene expression by modulation of the NF-jB transcription factor pathway. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2004;101:1530–5.
17. Pedrero J, Carracedo D, Pinto C, Zapatero AH, Rodrigo JP, Nieto CS, et al. Frequent genetic and biochemical alterations of the PI 3-K/AKT/ PTEN pathway in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Int J Cancer 2005;114:242–8.
18. Xu X, Yang H, Huo X. Expression and significance of PTEN in nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Lin Chuang Er Bi Yan Hou Ke Za Zhi 2004;18:658–9.
19. Wang SS, Guan ZZ, Xiang YQ, Wang B, Lin TY, Jiang WQ, et al. [Significance of EGFR and p-ERK expression in nasopharyngeal carcinoma]. Zhonghua Zhong Liu Za Zhi 2006;28:28–31.
20. Xiang Y, Yao H, Wang S, Hong M, He J, Cao S, et al. Prognostic value of surviving and livin in nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Laryngoscope 2006;116:126–30.
21. Yu WM, Hussain SS. Incidence of nasopharyngeal carcinoma in Chinese immigrants, compared with Chinese in China and South East Asia: review. J Laryngol Otol. 2009;123:1067-74.
22. Fachiroh J, Sangrajrang S, Johansson M, Renard H, Gaborieau V, Chabrier A, et al. Tobacco consumption and genetic susceptibility to nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) in Thailand. Cancer Courses Control 2012;23:1995-2002.
23. Hildesheim A, Wang CP. Genetic predisposition factors of nasopharyngeal carcinoma risk: A review of epidemiological association studies, 2000-2011. Seminars in Cancer Biology. 2012;22:107-16.
24. Chao KS, Perez CA. Nasopharynx. In:Principles and Practice of Radiation Oncology, 4th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 1997:918-61.
25. Lee AWM, Foo W, Law SC, Poon YF, Sze WM, O SK, et al. Nasopharyngeal carcinoma: Presenting symptoms and duration before diagnosis. Hong Kong Med J 1997;3:355-61.
26. Chan J, Bray F, McCarron P, Foo W, Lee AWM, Yip T, et al. Nasopharyngeal carcinoma. In: Pathology and genetics of head and neck tumor. World Health Organization Classification of Tumours. Lyon, France: IARC Press; 2005.
27. Slaughter DP, Southwick HW, Smejkal W. “Field cancerization” in oral stratified squamous epithelium: clinical implications of multicentric origing. Cancer 1953; 6:963-8.
28. Han BL, Xu XY, Zhang CZ, Wu JJ, Han CF, Wang H, et al. Systematic review on Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) DNA in diagnosis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma in Asian population. Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention 2012;13:2577-81.
29. King AD, Vlantis AC, Bhatia KS, Zee BC, Woo JK, Tse GM, et al. Primary nasopharyngeal carcinoma: diagnostic accuracy of MR imaging versus that of endoscopy and endoscopic biopsy. Radiology 2011;258:531–7.
30. Razek A, King A. MRI and CT of nasopharyngeal carcinoma. American Roentgen Ray Society 2012;198:11-8.
31. Lai V, Khong PL. Updates on MR imaging and 18F-FDG PET/CT imaging in nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Oral oncology 2013:e1-10.
32. Edge SB, Byrd DR, Compton CC, Fritz AG, Greene FL, Trotti A.. American Joint Committee on Cancer Staging Manual, 7th ed. New York: Springer-Verlag, 2010:41–9.
33. Sze WM, Lee AW, Yau TK, Yeung RM, Lau KY, Leung SK, et al. Primary tumor volume of nasopharyngeal carcinoma: prognostic significance for local control. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2004;59:21-7.
34. Perez CA, Devineni VR, Marcial-Vega V, Marks JE, Simpson JR, Kucik N. Carcinoma of nasopharynx: factors affecting prognosis. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1992;23:271-80.
35. Lo YM. Quantitative analysis of Epstein-Barr Virus DNA in plasma and serum: applications to tumor detection and monitoring. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2001;945:68-72.
36. Chan AT, Lo YM, Zee B, Chan LY, Ma BB, Leung SF, et al. Plasma Epstein-Barr virus DNA and residual disease after radiotherapy for undifferentiated nasopharyngeal carcinoma. J Natl Cancer Inst 2002;94:1614-9.
37. Felip E, Rosell R. Testing for excision repair cross-complementing 1 in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer for chemotherapy response. Exp Rev Mol Diagn 2007;7:261–8.
38. Sun JM, Ahn MJ, Park MJ, Lee HY, Ahn JS, Lee S, et al. Expression of excision repair cross-complementation group 1 as predictive marker for nasopharyngeal cancer treated with concurrent chemoradiotherapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2011;80:655–60.
39. Chan SH, Cheung FM, Ng WT, Choi CW, Cheung KN, Yiu KH, et al. Can the analysis of ERCC1 expression contribute to individualized therapy in nasopharyngeal carcinoma? Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2011;79:1414–20.
40. Zeng Y, Zhang LG, Wu YC, Huang YS, Huang NQ, Li JY, et al. Prospective studies on nasopharyngeal carcinoma in Epstein-Barr virus IgA/ VCA antibody-positive persons in Wuzhou City, China. Int J Cancer 1985;36:545-7.
41. Lee AW, Sze WM, Au JS, Leung SF, Leung TW, Chua DT, et al. Treatment results of nasopharyngeal carcinoma in the modern era: the Hong Kong experience. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2011;61:1107-16.
42. Heng DM, Wee J, Fong KW, Lian LG, Sethi VK, Chua ET, et al. Prognostic factors in 677 patients in Singapore with nondisseminated nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Cancer 1999;86:1912–20.
43. Yeh SA, Tang Y, Lui CC, Huang YJ, Huang EY. Treatment outcomes and late complications of 849 patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma treated with radiotherapy alone. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2005; 62:672–9.
44. Leung TW, Tung SY, Sze WK, Wong FC, Yuen KK, Lui CM, et al. Treatment results of 1070 patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma: an analysis of survival and failure patterns. Head Neck 2005;27:555–65.
45. Huncharek M, Kupelnick B. Combined chemoradiation versus radiation therapy alone in locally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma: Results of a Meta-analysis of 1,528 patients from 6 randomized trials. Am J Clin Oncol 2002;25:219-23.
46. Langendijk JA, Leemans CR, Buter J, Berkhof J, Slotman BJ. The additional value of chemotherapy to radiotherapy in locally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma: A Meta-analysis of the published literature. J Clin Oncol 2004;22:4604-12.
47. Baujet B, Audry H, Bourhis J, Chan AT, Onat H, Chua DT, et al. Chemotherapy in locally advanced naso-pharyngeal carcinoma: An individual patient data meta-analysis of eight randomized trials and 1753 pa-tients. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Pys 2006;64:47-56.
48. Al-Sarraf M, LeBlanc M, Giri PG, Fu KK, Cooper J, Vuong T, et al. Chemoradiotherapy versus radiotherapy in patients with advanced nasopharygeal cancer: Phase III randomized Intergroup stud 0099. J Clin Oncol 1998;16:1310-7.
49. Al-Sarraf M, LeBlanc M, Giri PG, Fu KK, Cooper J, Vuong T, et al. Superiority of five year survival with chemo-radiotherapy (CT-RT) vs. radiotherapy in patients with locally advanced nasopharyngeal cancer (NPC). Intergroup (0099)(SWOG 8892, RTOG 8817, ECOG 2388) Phase III study: final report. Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol 2001;20:227a.[abstract 905].
50. Wee J, Tan EH, Tai BC, Wong HB, Leong SS, Tan T, et al. Final report of SQNP01: A phase III randomized trial comparing RT with chemoRT for locally advanced nasopharyngeal cancerInt J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2006;66:S16.
51. Lee AW, Lao WH, Tung SY, Chua DT, Chappell R, Xu L, et al. Preliminary results of a randomized study on therapeutic gain by concurrent chemotherapy for regionally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma: NPC-9901 trial by the Hong Kong Nasopharyngeal Cancer Study Group. J Clin Oncol 2005;23:6966-75.
52. Lee AW, Tung SY, Chan AT, Chappell R, Fu YT, Lu TX, et al. Preliminary results of a randomized study (NPC-9902 Trial) on therapeutic gain by concurrent chemotherapy and/or accelerated fractionation for locally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2006;66:142-51.
53. Kwong DL, Sham JS, Au GK, Chua DT, Kwong PW, Cheng AC, et al. Concurrent and adjuvant chemotherapy for nasopharyngeal carcinoma: A factorial study. J Clin Oncol 2004;22:2643-53.
54. Chan AT, Leung SF, Ngan RK, Teo PM, Lau WH, Kwan WH, et al. Overall survival after concurrent cisplatin-radiotherapy compared with radiotherapy alone in locoregionally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma. J Natl Cancer Inst 2005;97:536-9.
55. Lin JC, Jan JS, Hsu CY, Liang WM, Jiang RS, Wang WY. Phase III study of concurrent chemoradiotherapy vs. radiotherapy alone for advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma: Positive effect on overall and progression-free survival. J Clin Oncol 2003;21:631-7.
56. Zhang L, Zhao C, Peng PJ, Lu LX, Huang PY, Han F, et al. Phase III study comparing standard radiotherapy with or without weekly oxaliplatin in treatment of locoregionally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma: Preliminary results. J Clin Oncol 2005;23:8461-8.
57. Chan ATC, Teo PML, Leung TW, Leung SF, Lee WY, Yeo W, et al. A prospective randomized study of chemotherapy adjunctive to definitive radiotherapy in advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1995;33:569-77.
58. Hui EP, Ma BB, Leung SF, King AD, Mo F, Kam MK, et al. Randomized phase II trial of concurrent cisplatin-radiotherapy with or without neoadjuvant docetaxel and cisplatin in advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma. J Clin Oncol 2009;27:242-9.
59. International randomized study to evaluate the addition of docetaxel to the combination of cisplatin-5-fluorouracil (TPF) vs. cisplatin-5-fluorouracil (PF) in the induction treatment of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) in children and adolescences. STUDY NUMBER/ EFC10339. Ongoing trial.
60. Chua DT, Sham JST, Choy D, Lorvidhaya V, Sumitsawan Y, Thongprasert S, et al. Preliminary report of the Asian-Ocenian Clinical Oncology Association randomized trial comparing cisplatin and epirubicin followed by radiotherapy versus radiotherapy alone in the treatment of patients with locoregionally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Cancer 1998;83:2270-83.
61. Ma J, Mai HQ, Hong MH, Min HQ, Mao ZD, Cui NJ, et al. Results of prospective randomized trial comparing neoadjuvant chemotherapy plus radiotherapy with radiotherapy alone in patients with locoregionally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma. J Clin Oncol 2001;19:1350-7.
62. Chua DT, Ma J, Sham JST, Mai HQ, Choy DT, Hong MH, et al. Long-term survival after cisplatin-based induction chemotherapy and radiotherapy for nasopharyngeal carcinoma: a pooled data analysis of two phase III trials. J Clin Oncol 2005;23:1118-24.
63. International Nasopharyngeal Cancer Study Group VUMCA I trial. Preliminary results of a randomized trial comparing neoadjuvant chemotherapy (cisplatin, epirubicin, bleomycin) plus radiotherapy vs. radiotherapy alone in stage IV (> or = N2, M0) undifferentiated nasopharyngeal carcinoma: a positive effect on progression-free survival. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1996;35:463-9.
64. Hareyama M, Sakata K, Shirato H, Nishioka T, Nishio M, Suzuki K, et al. A prospective randomized trial comparing neoadjuvant chemotherapy with radiotherapy alone in patients with advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Cancer 2002;94:2217-23.
65. Chi KH, Chang YC, Gua WY, Leung MJ, Shiau CY, Chen SY, et al. A phase III study of adjuvant chemotherapy in advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma patients. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2002;52:1238-44.
66. Rossi A, Molinari R, Boracchi P, Del Vecchio M, Marubini E, Nava M, et al. Adjuvant chemotherapy with vincristine, cyclophosphamide, and doxorubicin after radiotherapy in local-regional nasopharyngeal cancer: Results of a 4-year multicenter randomized study. J Clin Oncol 1988;6:1401-10.
67. D’cruz A, Lin T, Anand AK, Atmakusuma D, Calaguas MJ, Chitapanarux I, et al. Consensus recommendations for management of head and neck cancer in Asian countries: A review of international guidelines. Oral oncology 2013;49:872-7.
68. Afqir S, Ismaili N, Errhani H. Concurrent chemoradiotherapy in the management of advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma: Current status. J Cancer Res Ther 2009;5:3-7.
69. Chitapanarux I, Lorvidhaya V, Kamnerdsupaphon P, Sumitsawan Y, Tharavichitkul E, Sukthomya V, et al. Chemoradiation comparing cisplatin versus carboplatin in locally advanced nasopharyngeal cancer: Randomised, non-inferiority, open trial. Euro J of Cancer 2007;43:1399-406.
70. Pow EH, Kwong DL, McMillan AS, Wong MC, Sham JS, Leung LH, et al. Xerostomia and quality of life after intensity-modulated radiotherapy vs conventional radiotherapy for early-stage nasopharyngeal carcinoma: initial report on a randomized con¬trolled clinical trial. Int Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2006;66:981–91.
71. Kam MK, Leung SF, Zee B, Chau RM, Suen JJ, Mo F, et al. Prospective randomized study of intensity-modulated radiotherapy on salivary gland function in early-stage nasopharyngeal carcinoma patients. J Clin Oncol 2007;25:4873–9.
72. Lee N, Xia P, Quivey JM, Sultanem K, Poon I, Akazawa C, et al. Intensity-modulated radiotherapy in the treatment of nasopharyngeal carcinoma: an update of the UCSF experience. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2002;53:12–22.
73. Lee N, Harris J, Garden AS, Straube W, Glisson B, Xia P, et al. Intensity-modulated radiation therapy with or without chemotherapy for nasopharyngeal carcinoma: radiation Addition of bevacizumab to standard chemoradiation for locoregionally advanced nasopharyngeal carci¬noma (RTOG 0615): therapy oncology group phase II trial 0225. J Clin Oncol 2009;27:3684–90.
74. Lee N, Zhang Q, Kim J, Kim J, Garden AS, Mechalakos J, et al. Addition of bevacizumab to standard chemoradiation for locoregionally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma (RTOG 0615): a phase 2 multi-institutional trial. Lancet Oncol 2012;13:172–80.
75. Gre´goire V, Levendag P, Ang K, Bernier J, Braaksma M, Budach V, et al. CT-based delineation of lymph node levels and related CTVsin the node-negative neck: DAHANCA, EORTC, GORTEC, NCIC,RTOG consensus guidelines. Radiotherapy and Oncology 2003;69:227–36.
76. Eisbruch A, Foote RL, O’Sullivan B, Beitler JJ, Vikram B. Intensity-modulated radiation therapy for head and neck cancer: emphasis on the selection and delineation of the targets. Semin Radiat Oncol 2002;12:238-49.
77. Ho FCH, Tham IWK, Earnest A, Lee KM, Lu JJ. Patterns of regional lymph node metastasis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma: A meta-analysis of clinical evidence. BMC Cancer 2012;12:98.
78. Tang LL, Mao Y, Liu L, Liang S, Chen Y, Sun Y, et al. The volume to be irradiated during selective neck irradiation in nasopharyngeal carcinoma: analysis of the spread patterns in lymph nodes by magnetic resonance imaging. Cancer 2009;115:680–8.
79. Gre’goire V, Coche E, Cosnard G, et al. Selection and Delineation of lymph node target volumes in head and neck conformal radiotherapy. Proposal for standardizing terminology and procedure based on the surgical experience, Radiother Oncol 2000;56:135-50.
80. Chua DT, Sham JS, Kwong DL, Au GK, Choy DT. Retropharyngeal lymphadenopathy in patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma. A computed tomography-based study. Cancer 1997;79:869–77.
81. Lee AW, Sham JS, Poon YF, Ho JH. Treatment of stage I nasopharyngeal carcinoma: analsis of the patterns of relapse and the results of withholding elective neck irradiation. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1989;17:1183-90.
82. Qin DX, Hu YH, Yan JH, Xu GZ, Cai WM, Wu XL, et al. Analysis of 1379 patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma treated by radiation. Cancer 1988;61: 1117–24.
83. Gao Y, Zhu G, Lu J, Ying H, Kong L, Wu Y, et al. Is elective irradiation to the lower neck necessary for N0 nasopharyngeal carcinoma? Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2010;77:1397–402.
84. Ou X, Shen C, Kong L, Wang X, Ding J, Gao Y, et al. Treatment outcome of nasopharyngeal carcinoma with retropharyngeal lymph nodes metastasis only and the feasibility of elective neck irradiation. Oral Oncol 2012;48:1045–50.
85. Chen JZ, Le QT, Han F, Lu LX, Huang SM, Lin CG, et al. Results of a phase 2 study examining the effects of omitting elective neck irradiation to nodal levels IV and V(b) in patients with N(0-1) nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2013;85:929-34.
86. Wang YX, King AD, Zhou H, Leung SF, Abrigo J, Chan YL, et al. Evolution of radiation-induced brain injury: MR imaging based study. Radiology 2010; 254:210–8.
87. King AD, Griffith JF, Abrigo JM, Leung SF, Yau FK, Tse GM, et al. Osteoradionecrosis of the upper cervical spine: MR Imaging following radiotherapy for nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Eur J Radiol 2010; 73: 629–35.
88. Makimoto Y, Yamamoto S, Takano H, Motoori K, Ueda T, Kazama T, et al. Imaging findings of radiation-induced sarcoma of the head and neck. Br J Radiol 2007; 80:790–7.
2. Khuhaprema T, Srivatanakul P, Attsara A, Sriplung H, Wiangnon H, Sumitsawan Y. Nasopharyngeal carcinoma. In: Cancer in Thailand. Bangkok, Ministry of helath; 2010, pp16-17.
3. สถิติโรคมะเร็ง โรงพยาบาลจุฬาลงกรณ์ ปี พ.ศ. 2555
4. Jia WH, Qin HD. Non-viral environmental risk factors for nasopharyngeal carcinoma: A systematic review. Seminar in Cancer Biology 2012;22:117-26.
5. Vasef MA, Ferlito A, Weiss LM. Nasopharyngeal carcinoma, with emphasis on its relationship to Epstein-Barr virus. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 1997;106:348–56.
6. Wang D, Liebowitz D, Kieff E. An EBV membrane protein expressed in immortalized lymphocytes transforms established rodent cells. Cell 1985;43:831–40.
7. Chou J, Lin YC, Kim J, You L, Xu Z, He B, et al. Nasopharyngeal carcinoma-Review of the molecular mechanisms of tumorigenesis. Head&Neck 2008;30:946-63.
8. Shi W, Bastianutto C, Li A, Perez-Ordonez B, Ng R, Chow KY, et al. Multiple dysregulated pathways in nasopharyngeal carcinoma revealed by gene expression profiling. Int J Cancer 2006;119:2467-75.
9. Zeng ZY, Zhou YH, Zhang WL, Xiong W, Fan SQ, Li XL, et al. Gene expression profiling of nasopharyngeal carcinoma reveals the abnormally regulated Wnt signaling pathway. Hum Pathol 2007;38:120–33.
10. Morrison J, Gulley M, Pathmanathan R, Raab-Traub N. Differential signaling pathways are activated in the Epstein-Barr virus-associated malignancies nasopharyngeal carcinoma and Hodgkin lymphoma. Cancer Res 2004;64:5251–60.
11. Ren Q, Sato H, Murono S, Furukawa M, Yoshizaki T.Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) latent membrane protein 1 induces interleukin-8 through the nuclear factor-jB signaling pathway in EBV-infected nasopharyngeal carcinoma cell line. Laryngoscope 2004;114:855–9.
12. Man C, Rosa J, Lee LT, Lee VH, Chow BK, Lo KW, et al. Latent membrane protein 1 suppresses RASSF1A expression, disrupts microtubule structures and induces chromosomal aberrations in human epithelial cells. Oncogene 2007;26:3069–80.
13. Deng l, Yang J, Zhao X, Deng XY, Zeng L, Gu HH et al. Cells in G2/M phase increased in human nasopharyngeal carcinoma cell line by EBV-LMP1 through activation of NF-jB and AP-1. Cell Res 2003;13:187–94.
14. Murono S, Inoue H, Tanabe T, Joab I, Yoshizaki T, Furukawa M, et al. Induction of cyclooxygenase-2 by Epstein-Barr virus latent membrane protein 1 is involved in vascular endothelial growth factor production in nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2001;98:6905–10.
15. Ding L, Li L, Yang J, Tao YG, Ye M, Shi Y, et al. Epstein-Barr virus encoded latent membrane protein 1 modulates nuclear translocation of telomerase reverse transcriptase protein by activating nuclear factor-kB p65 in human nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2005;37:1881–9.
16. Stewart S, Dawson CW, Takada K, Curnow J, Moody CA, Sixbey JW, et al. Epstein-Barr virus-encoded LMP2A regulates viral and cellular gene expression by modulation of the NF-jB transcription factor pathway. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2004;101:1530–5.
17. Pedrero J, Carracedo D, Pinto C, Zapatero AH, Rodrigo JP, Nieto CS, et al. Frequent genetic and biochemical alterations of the PI 3-K/AKT/ PTEN pathway in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Int J Cancer 2005;114:242–8.
18. Xu X, Yang H, Huo X. Expression and significance of PTEN in nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Lin Chuang Er Bi Yan Hou Ke Za Zhi 2004;18:658–9.
19. Wang SS, Guan ZZ, Xiang YQ, Wang B, Lin TY, Jiang WQ, et al. [Significance of EGFR and p-ERK expression in nasopharyngeal carcinoma]. Zhonghua Zhong Liu Za Zhi 2006;28:28–31.
20. Xiang Y, Yao H, Wang S, Hong M, He J, Cao S, et al. Prognostic value of surviving and livin in nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Laryngoscope 2006;116:126–30.
21. Yu WM, Hussain SS. Incidence of nasopharyngeal carcinoma in Chinese immigrants, compared with Chinese in China and South East Asia: review. J Laryngol Otol. 2009;123:1067-74.
22. Fachiroh J, Sangrajrang S, Johansson M, Renard H, Gaborieau V, Chabrier A, et al. Tobacco consumption and genetic susceptibility to nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) in Thailand. Cancer Courses Control 2012;23:1995-2002.
23. Hildesheim A, Wang CP. Genetic predisposition factors of nasopharyngeal carcinoma risk: A review of epidemiological association studies, 2000-2011. Seminars in Cancer Biology. 2012;22:107-16.
24. Chao KS, Perez CA. Nasopharynx. In:Principles and Practice of Radiation Oncology, 4th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 1997:918-61.
25. Lee AWM, Foo W, Law SC, Poon YF, Sze WM, O SK, et al. Nasopharyngeal carcinoma: Presenting symptoms and duration before diagnosis. Hong Kong Med J 1997;3:355-61.
26. Chan J, Bray F, McCarron P, Foo W, Lee AWM, Yip T, et al. Nasopharyngeal carcinoma. In: Pathology and genetics of head and neck tumor. World Health Organization Classification of Tumours. Lyon, France: IARC Press; 2005.
27. Slaughter DP, Southwick HW, Smejkal W. “Field cancerization” in oral stratified squamous epithelium: clinical implications of multicentric origing. Cancer 1953; 6:963-8.
28. Han BL, Xu XY, Zhang CZ, Wu JJ, Han CF, Wang H, et al. Systematic review on Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) DNA in diagnosis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma in Asian population. Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention 2012;13:2577-81.
29. King AD, Vlantis AC, Bhatia KS, Zee BC, Woo JK, Tse GM, et al. Primary nasopharyngeal carcinoma: diagnostic accuracy of MR imaging versus that of endoscopy and endoscopic biopsy. Radiology 2011;258:531–7.
30. Razek A, King A. MRI and CT of nasopharyngeal carcinoma. American Roentgen Ray Society 2012;198:11-8.
31. Lai V, Khong PL. Updates on MR imaging and 18F-FDG PET/CT imaging in nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Oral oncology 2013:e1-10.
32. Edge SB, Byrd DR, Compton CC, Fritz AG, Greene FL, Trotti A.. American Joint Committee on Cancer Staging Manual, 7th ed. New York: Springer-Verlag, 2010:41–9.
33. Sze WM, Lee AW, Yau TK, Yeung RM, Lau KY, Leung SK, et al. Primary tumor volume of nasopharyngeal carcinoma: prognostic significance for local control. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2004;59:21-7.
34. Perez CA, Devineni VR, Marcial-Vega V, Marks JE, Simpson JR, Kucik N. Carcinoma of nasopharynx: factors affecting prognosis. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1992;23:271-80.
35. Lo YM. Quantitative analysis of Epstein-Barr Virus DNA in plasma and serum: applications to tumor detection and monitoring. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2001;945:68-72.
36. Chan AT, Lo YM, Zee B, Chan LY, Ma BB, Leung SF, et al. Plasma Epstein-Barr virus DNA and residual disease after radiotherapy for undifferentiated nasopharyngeal carcinoma. J Natl Cancer Inst 2002;94:1614-9.
37. Felip E, Rosell R. Testing for excision repair cross-complementing 1 in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer for chemotherapy response. Exp Rev Mol Diagn 2007;7:261–8.
38. Sun JM, Ahn MJ, Park MJ, Lee HY, Ahn JS, Lee S, et al. Expression of excision repair cross-complementation group 1 as predictive marker for nasopharyngeal cancer treated with concurrent chemoradiotherapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2011;80:655–60.
39. Chan SH, Cheung FM, Ng WT, Choi CW, Cheung KN, Yiu KH, et al. Can the analysis of ERCC1 expression contribute to individualized therapy in nasopharyngeal carcinoma? Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2011;79:1414–20.
40. Zeng Y, Zhang LG, Wu YC, Huang YS, Huang NQ, Li JY, et al. Prospective studies on nasopharyngeal carcinoma in Epstein-Barr virus IgA/ VCA antibody-positive persons in Wuzhou City, China. Int J Cancer 1985;36:545-7.
41. Lee AW, Sze WM, Au JS, Leung SF, Leung TW, Chua DT, et al. Treatment results of nasopharyngeal carcinoma in the modern era: the Hong Kong experience. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2011;61:1107-16.
42. Heng DM, Wee J, Fong KW, Lian LG, Sethi VK, Chua ET, et al. Prognostic factors in 677 patients in Singapore with nondisseminated nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Cancer 1999;86:1912–20.
43. Yeh SA, Tang Y, Lui CC, Huang YJ, Huang EY. Treatment outcomes and late complications of 849 patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma treated with radiotherapy alone. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2005; 62:672–9.
44. Leung TW, Tung SY, Sze WK, Wong FC, Yuen KK, Lui CM, et al. Treatment results of 1070 patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma: an analysis of survival and failure patterns. Head Neck 2005;27:555–65.
45. Huncharek M, Kupelnick B. Combined chemoradiation versus radiation therapy alone in locally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma: Results of a Meta-analysis of 1,528 patients from 6 randomized trials. Am J Clin Oncol 2002;25:219-23.
46. Langendijk JA, Leemans CR, Buter J, Berkhof J, Slotman BJ. The additional value of chemotherapy to radiotherapy in locally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma: A Meta-analysis of the published literature. J Clin Oncol 2004;22:4604-12.
47. Baujet B, Audry H, Bourhis J, Chan AT, Onat H, Chua DT, et al. Chemotherapy in locally advanced naso-pharyngeal carcinoma: An individual patient data meta-analysis of eight randomized trials and 1753 pa-tients. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Pys 2006;64:47-56.
48. Al-Sarraf M, LeBlanc M, Giri PG, Fu KK, Cooper J, Vuong T, et al. Chemoradiotherapy versus radiotherapy in patients with advanced nasopharygeal cancer: Phase III randomized Intergroup stud 0099. J Clin Oncol 1998;16:1310-7.
49. Al-Sarraf M, LeBlanc M, Giri PG, Fu KK, Cooper J, Vuong T, et al. Superiority of five year survival with chemo-radiotherapy (CT-RT) vs. radiotherapy in patients with locally advanced nasopharyngeal cancer (NPC). Intergroup (0099)(SWOG 8892, RTOG 8817, ECOG 2388) Phase III study: final report. Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol 2001;20:227a.[abstract 905].
50. Wee J, Tan EH, Tai BC, Wong HB, Leong SS, Tan T, et al. Final report of SQNP01: A phase III randomized trial comparing RT with chemoRT for locally advanced nasopharyngeal cancerInt J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2006;66:S16.
51. Lee AW, Lao WH, Tung SY, Chua DT, Chappell R, Xu L, et al. Preliminary results of a randomized study on therapeutic gain by concurrent chemotherapy for regionally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma: NPC-9901 trial by the Hong Kong Nasopharyngeal Cancer Study Group. J Clin Oncol 2005;23:6966-75.
52. Lee AW, Tung SY, Chan AT, Chappell R, Fu YT, Lu TX, et al. Preliminary results of a randomized study (NPC-9902 Trial) on therapeutic gain by concurrent chemotherapy and/or accelerated fractionation for locally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2006;66:142-51.
53. Kwong DL, Sham JS, Au GK, Chua DT, Kwong PW, Cheng AC, et al. Concurrent and adjuvant chemotherapy for nasopharyngeal carcinoma: A factorial study. J Clin Oncol 2004;22:2643-53.
54. Chan AT, Leung SF, Ngan RK, Teo PM, Lau WH, Kwan WH, et al. Overall survival after concurrent cisplatin-radiotherapy compared with radiotherapy alone in locoregionally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma. J Natl Cancer Inst 2005;97:536-9.
55. Lin JC, Jan JS, Hsu CY, Liang WM, Jiang RS, Wang WY. Phase III study of concurrent chemoradiotherapy vs. radiotherapy alone for advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma: Positive effect on overall and progression-free survival. J Clin Oncol 2003;21:631-7.
56. Zhang L, Zhao C, Peng PJ, Lu LX, Huang PY, Han F, et al. Phase III study comparing standard radiotherapy with or without weekly oxaliplatin in treatment of locoregionally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma: Preliminary results. J Clin Oncol 2005;23:8461-8.
57. Chan ATC, Teo PML, Leung TW, Leung SF, Lee WY, Yeo W, et al. A prospective randomized study of chemotherapy adjunctive to definitive radiotherapy in advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1995;33:569-77.
58. Hui EP, Ma BB, Leung SF, King AD, Mo F, Kam MK, et al. Randomized phase II trial of concurrent cisplatin-radiotherapy with or without neoadjuvant docetaxel and cisplatin in advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma. J Clin Oncol 2009;27:242-9.
59. International randomized study to evaluate the addition of docetaxel to the combination of cisplatin-5-fluorouracil (TPF) vs. cisplatin-5-fluorouracil (PF) in the induction treatment of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) in children and adolescences. STUDY NUMBER/ EFC10339. Ongoing trial.
60. Chua DT, Sham JST, Choy D, Lorvidhaya V, Sumitsawan Y, Thongprasert S, et al. Preliminary report of the Asian-Ocenian Clinical Oncology Association randomized trial comparing cisplatin and epirubicin followed by radiotherapy versus radiotherapy alone in the treatment of patients with locoregionally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Cancer 1998;83:2270-83.
61. Ma J, Mai HQ, Hong MH, Min HQ, Mao ZD, Cui NJ, et al. Results of prospective randomized trial comparing neoadjuvant chemotherapy plus radiotherapy with radiotherapy alone in patients with locoregionally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma. J Clin Oncol 2001;19:1350-7.
62. Chua DT, Ma J, Sham JST, Mai HQ, Choy DT, Hong MH, et al. Long-term survival after cisplatin-based induction chemotherapy and radiotherapy for nasopharyngeal carcinoma: a pooled data analysis of two phase III trials. J Clin Oncol 2005;23:1118-24.
63. International Nasopharyngeal Cancer Study Group VUMCA I trial. Preliminary results of a randomized trial comparing neoadjuvant chemotherapy (cisplatin, epirubicin, bleomycin) plus radiotherapy vs. radiotherapy alone in stage IV (> or = N2, M0) undifferentiated nasopharyngeal carcinoma: a positive effect on progression-free survival. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1996;35:463-9.
64. Hareyama M, Sakata K, Shirato H, Nishioka T, Nishio M, Suzuki K, et al. A prospective randomized trial comparing neoadjuvant chemotherapy with radiotherapy alone in patients with advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Cancer 2002;94:2217-23.
65. Chi KH, Chang YC, Gua WY, Leung MJ, Shiau CY, Chen SY, et al. A phase III study of adjuvant chemotherapy in advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma patients. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2002;52:1238-44.
66. Rossi A, Molinari R, Boracchi P, Del Vecchio M, Marubini E, Nava M, et al. Adjuvant chemotherapy with vincristine, cyclophosphamide, and doxorubicin after radiotherapy in local-regional nasopharyngeal cancer: Results of a 4-year multicenter randomized study. J Clin Oncol 1988;6:1401-10.
67. D’cruz A, Lin T, Anand AK, Atmakusuma D, Calaguas MJ, Chitapanarux I, et al. Consensus recommendations for management of head and neck cancer in Asian countries: A review of international guidelines. Oral oncology 2013;49:872-7.
68. Afqir S, Ismaili N, Errhani H. Concurrent chemoradiotherapy in the management of advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma: Current status. J Cancer Res Ther 2009;5:3-7.
69. Chitapanarux I, Lorvidhaya V, Kamnerdsupaphon P, Sumitsawan Y, Tharavichitkul E, Sukthomya V, et al. Chemoradiation comparing cisplatin versus carboplatin in locally advanced nasopharyngeal cancer: Randomised, non-inferiority, open trial. Euro J of Cancer 2007;43:1399-406.
70. Pow EH, Kwong DL, McMillan AS, Wong MC, Sham JS, Leung LH, et al. Xerostomia and quality of life after intensity-modulated radiotherapy vs conventional radiotherapy for early-stage nasopharyngeal carcinoma: initial report on a randomized con¬trolled clinical trial. Int Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2006;66:981–91.
71. Kam MK, Leung SF, Zee B, Chau RM, Suen JJ, Mo F, et al. Prospective randomized study of intensity-modulated radiotherapy on salivary gland function in early-stage nasopharyngeal carcinoma patients. J Clin Oncol 2007;25:4873–9.
72. Lee N, Xia P, Quivey JM, Sultanem K, Poon I, Akazawa C, et al. Intensity-modulated radiotherapy in the treatment of nasopharyngeal carcinoma: an update of the UCSF experience. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2002;53:12–22.
73. Lee N, Harris J, Garden AS, Straube W, Glisson B, Xia P, et al. Intensity-modulated radiation therapy with or without chemotherapy for nasopharyngeal carcinoma: radiation Addition of bevacizumab to standard chemoradiation for locoregionally advanced nasopharyngeal carci¬noma (RTOG 0615): therapy oncology group phase II trial 0225. J Clin Oncol 2009;27:3684–90.
74. Lee N, Zhang Q, Kim J, Kim J, Garden AS, Mechalakos J, et al. Addition of bevacizumab to standard chemoradiation for locoregionally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma (RTOG 0615): a phase 2 multi-institutional trial. Lancet Oncol 2012;13:172–80.
75. Gre´goire V, Levendag P, Ang K, Bernier J, Braaksma M, Budach V, et al. CT-based delineation of lymph node levels and related CTVsin the node-negative neck: DAHANCA, EORTC, GORTEC, NCIC,RTOG consensus guidelines. Radiotherapy and Oncology 2003;69:227–36.
76. Eisbruch A, Foote RL, O’Sullivan B, Beitler JJ, Vikram B. Intensity-modulated radiation therapy for head and neck cancer: emphasis on the selection and delineation of the targets. Semin Radiat Oncol 2002;12:238-49.
77. Ho FCH, Tham IWK, Earnest A, Lee KM, Lu JJ. Patterns of regional lymph node metastasis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma: A meta-analysis of clinical evidence. BMC Cancer 2012;12:98.
78. Tang LL, Mao Y, Liu L, Liang S, Chen Y, Sun Y, et al. The volume to be irradiated during selective neck irradiation in nasopharyngeal carcinoma: analysis of the spread patterns in lymph nodes by magnetic resonance imaging. Cancer 2009;115:680–8.
79. Gre’goire V, Coche E, Cosnard G, et al. Selection and Delineation of lymph node target volumes in head and neck conformal radiotherapy. Proposal for standardizing terminology and procedure based on the surgical experience, Radiother Oncol 2000;56:135-50.
80. Chua DT, Sham JS, Kwong DL, Au GK, Choy DT. Retropharyngeal lymphadenopathy in patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma. A computed tomography-based study. Cancer 1997;79:869–77.
81. Lee AW, Sham JS, Poon YF, Ho JH. Treatment of stage I nasopharyngeal carcinoma: analsis of the patterns of relapse and the results of withholding elective neck irradiation. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1989;17:1183-90.
82. Qin DX, Hu YH, Yan JH, Xu GZ, Cai WM, Wu XL, et al. Analysis of 1379 patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma treated by radiation. Cancer 1988;61: 1117–24.
83. Gao Y, Zhu G, Lu J, Ying H, Kong L, Wu Y, et al. Is elective irradiation to the lower neck necessary for N0 nasopharyngeal carcinoma? Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2010;77:1397–402.
84. Ou X, Shen C, Kong L, Wang X, Ding J, Gao Y, et al. Treatment outcome of nasopharyngeal carcinoma with retropharyngeal lymph nodes metastasis only and the feasibility of elective neck irradiation. Oral Oncol 2012;48:1045–50.
85. Chen JZ, Le QT, Han F, Lu LX, Huang SM, Lin CG, et al. Results of a phase 2 study examining the effects of omitting elective neck irradiation to nodal levels IV and V(b) in patients with N(0-1) nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2013;85:929-34.
86. Wang YX, King AD, Zhou H, Leung SF, Abrigo J, Chan YL, et al. Evolution of radiation-induced brain injury: MR imaging based study. Radiology 2010; 254:210–8.
87. King AD, Griffith JF, Abrigo JM, Leung SF, Yau FK, Tse GM, et al. Osteoradionecrosis of the upper cervical spine: MR Imaging following radiotherapy for nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Eur J Radiol 2010; 73: 629–35.
88. Makimoto Y, Yamamoto S, Takano H, Motoori K, Ueda T, Kazama T, et al. Imaging findings of radiation-induced sarcoma of the head and neck. Br J Radiol 2007; 80:790–7.
Downloads
Published
2019-11-06
How to Cite
1.
ประยงค์รัตน์ อ. Nasopharyngeal carcinoma. J Thai Assn of Radiat Oncol [Internet]. 2019 Nov. 6 [cited 2024 Nov. 15];20(1):42-76. Available from: https://he01.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/jtaro/article/view/224293
Issue
Section
Review articles
License
บทความที่ได้รับการตีพิมพ์เป็นลิขสิทธิ์ของวารสารมะเร็งวิวัฒน์ ข้อความที่ปรากฏในบทความแต่ละเรื่องในวารสารวิชาการเล่มนี้เป็นความคิดเห็นส่วนตัวของผู้เขียนแต่ละท่านไม่เกี่ยวข้องกับ และบุคคลากรท่านอื่น ๆ ใน สมาคมฯ แต่อย่างใด ความรับผิดชอบองค์ประกอบทั้งหมดของบทความแต่ละเรื่องเป็นของผู้เขียนแต่ละท่าน หากมีความผิดพลาดใดๆ ผู้เขียนแต่ละท่านจะรับผิดชอบบทความของตนเองแต่ผู้เดียว
