Brain Metastases in Breast Cancer
Abstract
Breast cancer is the second most common cancer associated with brain metastases based on the data of the United States. The incidence of brain metastases appears to be rising due to a tendency of longer survival in the advanced breast cancer patients. In particular subsets of patients, disease progression in the central nervous system has become the major life-limiting problem. In general, patients with controlled extracranial or stable disease and patients with human epidermal growth factor receptor 2- positive or estrogen receptor-positive disease tend to have a prolonged survival, and more aggressive treatments should be undertaken in these groups of patients. Symptom management of brain metastases includes control of increased intracranial pressure and peritumoral edema with corticosteroids, treatment and prevention of seizures as well as treatment and prevention of venous thromboembolic disease. For patients with a single central nervous system lesion that is surgically accessible, surgical resection should be recommended. Stereotactic radiosurgery is an option for patients with lesions in surgically inaccessible locations and those who are not surgical candidates. For patients with more than one metastasis, but a limited number (generally less than 4 lesions), treatment is individualized, based upon such factors as tumor size and location, tumor biology, and treatment toxicity. For patients with brain metastases and a poor prognosis (poor performance status or rapidly progressive systemic disease), palliative whole brain irradiation is generally recommended.
References
Barnholtz-Sloan JS, Sloan AE, Davis FG, et al. Incidence proportions of brain metastases in patients diagnosed (1973 to 2001) in the Metropolitan Detroit Cancer Surveillance System. J Clin Oncol 2004; 22:2865.
Tsukada Y, Fouad A, Pickren JW, Lane WW. Central nervous system metastasis from breast carcinoma. Autopsy study. Cancer 1983; 52:2349.
Lin NU, Winer EP. Brain metastases: The HER2 paradigm. Clin Cancer Res 2007; 13:1648.
Lin NU, Claus E, Sohl J, et al. Sites of distant recurrence and clinical outcomes in patients with metastatic triple-negative breast cancer: high incidence of central nervous system metastases. Cancer 2008; 113:2638.
Yerushalmi R, Woods R, Kennecke H, et al. Patterns of relapse in breast cancer: changes over time. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2010; 120:753.
Evans AJ, James JJ, Cornford EJ, et al. Brain metastases from breast cancer: identifi cation of a high-risk group. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol) 2004; 16:345.
Slimane K, Andre F, Delaloge S, et al. Risk factors for brain relapse in patients with metastatic breast cancer. Ann Oncol 2004; 15:1640.
Pestalozzi BC, Zahrieh D, Price KN, et al. Identifying breast cancer patients at risk for Central Nervous System (CNS) metastases in trials of the International Breast Cancer Study Group (IBCSG). Ann Oncol 2006; 17:935.
Fulford LG, Reis-Filho JS, Ryder K, et al. Basal-like grade III invasive ductal carcinoma of the breast: patterns of metastasis and long-term survival. Breast Cancer Res 2007; 9:R4.
DiStefano A, Yong Yap Y, Hortobagyi GN, Blumenschein GR. The natural history of breast cancer patients with brain metastases. Cancer 1979; 44:1913.
Mahmoud-Ahmed AS, Suh JH, Lee SY, et al. Results of whole brain radiotherapy in patients with brain metastases from breast cancer: a retrospective study. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2002; 54:810.
Melisko ME, Moore DH, Sneed PK, et al. Brain metastases in breast cancer: clinical and pathologic characteristics associated with improvements in survival. J Neurooncol 2008; 88:359.
Dawood S, Broglio K, Esteva FJ, et al. Defi ning prognosis for women with breast cancer and CNS metastases by HER2 status. Ann Oncol 2008; 19:1242.
Park YH, Park MJ, Ji SH, et al. Trastuzumab treatment improves brain metastasis outcomes through control and durable prolongation of systemic extracranial disease in HER2-overexpressing breast cancer patients. Br J Cancer 2009; 100:894.
Tham YL, Sexton K, Kramer R, et al. Primary breast cancer phenotypes associated with propensity for central nervous system metastases. Cancer 2006; 107:696.
Bendell JC, Domchek SM, Burstein HJ, et al. Central nervous system metastases in women who receive trastuzumab-based therapy for metastatic breast carcinoma. Cancer 2003; 97:2972.
Gori S, Rimondini S, De Angelis V, et al. Central Nervous System Metastases in HER-2 Positive Metastatic Breast Cancer Patients Treated with Trastuzumab: Incidence, Survival, and Risk Factors. Oncologist 2007; 12:766.
Stemmler HJ, Kahlert S, Siekiera W, et al. Characteristics of patients with brain metastases receiving trastuzumab for HER2 overexpressing metastatic breast cancer. Breast 2006; 15:219.
Eichler AF, Kuter I, Ryan P, et al. Survival in patients with brain metastases from breast cancer: the importance of HER-2 status. Cancer 2008; 112:2359.
Dawood S, Broglio K, Esteva FJ, et al. Survival among women with triple receptor-negative breast cancer and brain metastases. Ann Oncol 2009; 20:621.
Nam BH, Kim SY, Han HS, et al. Breast cancer subtypes and survival in patients with brain metastases. Breast Cancer Res 2008; 10:R20.
Le Scodan R, Massard C, Mouret-Fourme E, et al. Brain metastases from breast carcinoma : validation of the radiation therapy oncology group recursive partitioning analysis classification and proposition of a new prognostic score. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2007; 69:839.
Gaspar LE, Scott C, Murray K, Curran W. Validation of the RTOG recursive partitioning analysis (RPA) classifi cation for brain metastases. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2000; 47:1001.
Videtic GM, Adelstein DJ, Mekhail TM, et al. Validation of the RTOG recursive partitioning analysis (RPA) classifi cation for small-cell lung cancer-only brain metastases. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2007; 67:240.
Ruderman NB and Hall TC. Use of Glucocorticoids in the Palliative Treatment of Metastatic Brain Tumors. Cancer 1965; 18:298.
Schiff D. Pneumocystis pneumonia in brain tumor patients: risk factors and clinical features. J Neurooncol 1996; 27:235.
Glantz MJ, Cole BF, Forsyth PA, et al. Practice parameter: anticonvulsant prophylaxis in patients with newly diagnosed brain tumors. Report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology 2000; 54:1886.
Sawaya R, Zuccarello M, Elkalliny M, Nishiyama H. Postoperative venous thromboembolism and brain tumors: Part I. Clinical profi le. J Neurooncol 1992; 14:119.
Schiff D and DeAngelis LM. Therapy of venous thromboembolism in patients with brain metastases. Cancer 1994; 73:493.
Lin NU and Ramakrishna NR. Brain Metastases. In: Disease of the Breast, Harris, JR, Lippman, ME, Morrow, M and Osborne, CK (Eds), 2009, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia 2009. p.979.
Patchell RA, Tibbs PA, Walsh JW, et al. A randomized trial of surgery in the treatment of single metastases to the brain. N Engl J Med 1990; 322:494.
Noordijk EM, Vech, CJ, Haaxma-Reiche H, et al. The choice of treatment of single brain metastasis should be based on extracranial tumor activity and age. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1994; 29:711.
O'Neil, BP, Iturria NJ, Link MJ, et al. A comparison of surgical resection and stereotactic radiosurgery in the treatment of solitary brain metastases. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2003; 55:1169.
Andrews DW, Scott CB, Sperduto PW, et al. Whole brain radiation therapy with or without stereotactic radiosurgery boost for patients with one to three brain metastases: phase III results of the RTOG 9508 randomised trial. Lancet 2004; 363:1665.
Patchell RA, Tibbs PA, Regine WF, Dempsey RJ, et al. Postoperative radiotherapy in the treatment of single metastases to the brain: A randomized trial. JAMA 1998; 280:1485.
Mueller RP, Soffi etti R, Abacioglu MU, et al. Adjuvant whole-brain radiotherapy versus observation after radiosurgery or surgical resection of 1-3 cerebral metastases: results of the EORTC 22952-26001 study (abstract #2008). J Clin Oncol 2009; 27:2008.
(Available online at http://www.asco.org/ASCOv2/Meetings/Abstracts?&vmview=abst_detail_view&confID=65&abstractID=34351, accessed December 3, 2009).
Aoyama H, Shirato H, Tago M, et al. Stereotactic radiosurgery plus whole-brain radiation therapy vs stereotactic radiosurgery alone for treatment of brain metastases: a randomized controlled trial. Jama 2006; 295:2483.
Aoyama H, Tago M, Kato N, et al. Neurocognitive function of patients with brain metastasis who received either whole brain radiotherapy plus stereotactic radiosurgery or radiosurgery alone. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2007; 68:1388.
Li J, Bentzen SM, Renschler M, Mehta MP. Regression after whole-brain radiation therapy for brain metastases correlates with survival and improved neurocognitive function. J Clin Oncol 2007; 25:1260.
Chang EL, Wefel JS, Hess KR, et al. Neurocognition in patients with brain metastases treated with radiosurgery or radiosurgery plus whole-brain irradiation: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet Oncol 2009; 10:1037.
Bhatnagar AK, Flickinger JC, Kondziolka D and Lunsford LD. Stereotactic radiosurgery for four or more intracranial metastases. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2006; 64:898.
Cooper JS, Steinfeld AD and Lerch IA. Cerebral metastases: value of reirradiation in selected patients. Radiology 1990; 174:883.
Stewart DJ, Dahrouge S. Response of brain metastases from breast cancer to megestrol acetate: a case report. J Neurooncol 1995; 24:299.
Salvati M, Cervoni L, Innocenzi G and Bardella L. Prolonged stabilization of multiple and single brain metastases from breast cancer with tamoxifen. Report of three cases. Tumori 1993; 79:359.
Madhup R, Kirti S, Bhatt ML, et al. Letrozole for brain and scalp metastases from breast cancer--a case report. Breast 2006; 15:440.
Lin NU, Bellon JR, Winer EP, et al. CNS metastases in breast cancer. J Clin Oncol 2004; 22:3608.
Boogerd W, Dalesio O, Bais EM and van der Sande JJ. Response of brain metastases from breast cancer to systemic chemotherapy. Cancer 1992; 69:972.
Rosner D, Nemoto T and Lane WW. Chemotherapy induces regression of brain metastases in breast carcinoma. Cancer 1986; 58:832.
Friedman HS, Evans B and Reardon DA. Phase II trial of temozolomide for patients with progressive brain metastases (abstract #408). Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol 2003; 22:102.
Siena S, Landonio G and Beaietta E. Multicenter phase II study of temozolomide therapy for brain metastasis in patients with malignant melanoma, breast cancer, and non-small cell lung cancer (abstract #407). Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol 2003; 22:407.
Trudeau ME, Crump M, Charpentier D, et al. Temozolomide in metastatic breast cancer (MBC): a phase II trial of the National Cancer Institute of Canada - Clinical Trials Group (NCIC-CTG). Ann Oncol 2006; 17:952.
Rivera E, Meyers C, Groves M, et al. Phase I study of capecitabine in combination with temozolomide in the treatment of patients with brain metastases from breast carcinoma. Cancer 2006; 107:1348.
Franciosi V, Cocconi G, Michiara M, et al. Front-line chemotherapy with cisplatin and etoposide for patients with brain metastases from breast carcinoma, nonsmall cell lung carcinoma, or malignant melanoma: a prospective study. Cancer 1999; 85:1599.
Christodoulou C, Bafaloukos D, Linardou H, et al. Temozolomide (TMZ) combined with cisplatin (CDDP) in patients with brain metastases from solid tumors: a Hellenic Cooperative Oncology Group (HeCOG) Phase II study. J Neurooncol 2005; 71:61.
Lin NU, Carey LA, Liu MC, et al. Phase II trial of lapatinib for brain metastases in patients with human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-positive breast cancer. J Clin Oncol 2008; 26:1993.
Lin NU, Dieras V, Paul D, et al. Multicenter phase II study of lapatinib in patients with brain metastases from HER2-positive breast cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2009; 15:1452.
Geyer CE, Forster J, Lindquist D, et al. Lapatinib plus capecitabine for HER2-positive advanced breast cancer. N Engl J Med 2006; 355:2733.
Geyer CE, Martin A, Newstat B, et al. Lapatinib (L) plus capecitabine (C) in HER2+ advanced breast cancer (ABC): updated effi cacy and biomarker analysis (abstract #1035). J Clin Oncol 2007; 25:40s. (Available online at http://meeting.ascopubs.org/cgi/content/abstract/25/18_suppl/1035, accessed December 3, 2009).
Boccardo F, Kaufman B, Baselga ,J, et al. Evaluation of lapatinib (Lap) plus capecitabine (Cap) in patients with brain metastses (BM) from HER2+ breast cancer (BC) enrolled in the Lapatinib Expanded Access Program (LEAP) and French Authorisation Temporaire d'Utilisation (ATU) (abstract #1094). J Clin Oncol 2008; 26:1094.
Socinski MA, Langer CJ, Huang JE, et al. Safety of Bevacizumab in Patients With Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer and Brain Metastases. J Clin Oncol 2009; 27:5255.
Carboplatin and Bevacizumab for Progressive Breast Cancer Brain Metastases. Available online at http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01004172, accessed December 3, 2009.
Gonzalez J, Kumar AJ, Conrad CA, Levin VA. Effect of bevacizumab on radiation necrosis of the brain. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2007; 67:323.
Wong ET, Huberman M, Lu XQ and Mahadevan A. Bevacizumab reverses cerebral radiation necrosis. J Clin Oncol 2008; 26:5649.
National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) guidelines are available online at www.nccn.org.
Jaeckle KA, Phuphanich S, Bent MJ, et al. Intrathecal treatment of neoplastic meningitis due to breast cancer with a slow-release formulation of cytarabine. Br J Cancer 2001; 84:157.
Glantz MJ, Jaeckle KA, Chamberlain MC, et al. A randomized controlled trial comparing intrathecal sustained-release cytarabine (DepoCyt) to intrathecal methotrexate in patients with neoplastic meningitis from solid tumors. Clin Cancer Res 1999; 5:3394.
Lassman AB, Abrey LE, Shah GD, et al. Systemic high-dose intravenous methotrexate for central nervous system metastases. J Neurooncol 2006; 78:255.
Fisher R and DeAngelis LM. Leptomeningeal Metastasis. In: Diseases of the Breast, Harris, JR, Lippman, ME, Morrow, M and Osborne, CK (Eds), 2009, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia 2009. p.1001.
Omuro AM, Lallana EC, Bilsky MH and DeAngelis LM. Ventriculoperitoneal shunt in patients with leptomeningeal metastasis. Neurology 2005; 64:1625.
Tsukada Y, Fouad A, Pickren JW, Lane WW. Central nervous system metastasis from breast carcinoma. Autopsy study. Cancer 1983; 52:2349.
Lin NU, Winer EP. Brain metastases: The HER2 paradigm. Clin Cancer Res 2007; 13:1648.
Lin NU, Claus E, Sohl J, et al. Sites of distant recurrence and clinical outcomes in patients with metastatic triple-negative breast cancer: high incidence of central nervous system metastases. Cancer 2008; 113:2638.
Yerushalmi R, Woods R, Kennecke H, et al. Patterns of relapse in breast cancer: changes over time. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2010; 120:753.
Evans AJ, James JJ, Cornford EJ, et al. Brain metastases from breast cancer: identifi cation of a high-risk group. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol) 2004; 16:345.
Slimane K, Andre F, Delaloge S, et al. Risk factors for brain relapse in patients with metastatic breast cancer. Ann Oncol 2004; 15:1640.
Pestalozzi BC, Zahrieh D, Price KN, et al. Identifying breast cancer patients at risk for Central Nervous System (CNS) metastases in trials of the International Breast Cancer Study Group (IBCSG). Ann Oncol 2006; 17:935.
Fulford LG, Reis-Filho JS, Ryder K, et al. Basal-like grade III invasive ductal carcinoma of the breast: patterns of metastasis and long-term survival. Breast Cancer Res 2007; 9:R4.
DiStefano A, Yong Yap Y, Hortobagyi GN, Blumenschein GR. The natural history of breast cancer patients with brain metastases. Cancer 1979; 44:1913.
Mahmoud-Ahmed AS, Suh JH, Lee SY, et al. Results of whole brain radiotherapy in patients with brain metastases from breast cancer: a retrospective study. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2002; 54:810.
Melisko ME, Moore DH, Sneed PK, et al. Brain metastases in breast cancer: clinical and pathologic characteristics associated with improvements in survival. J Neurooncol 2008; 88:359.
Dawood S, Broglio K, Esteva FJ, et al. Defi ning prognosis for women with breast cancer and CNS metastases by HER2 status. Ann Oncol 2008; 19:1242.
Park YH, Park MJ, Ji SH, et al. Trastuzumab treatment improves brain metastasis outcomes through control and durable prolongation of systemic extracranial disease in HER2-overexpressing breast cancer patients. Br J Cancer 2009; 100:894.
Tham YL, Sexton K, Kramer R, et al. Primary breast cancer phenotypes associated with propensity for central nervous system metastases. Cancer 2006; 107:696.
Bendell JC, Domchek SM, Burstein HJ, et al. Central nervous system metastases in women who receive trastuzumab-based therapy for metastatic breast carcinoma. Cancer 2003; 97:2972.
Gori S, Rimondini S, De Angelis V, et al. Central Nervous System Metastases in HER-2 Positive Metastatic Breast Cancer Patients Treated with Trastuzumab: Incidence, Survival, and Risk Factors. Oncologist 2007; 12:766.
Stemmler HJ, Kahlert S, Siekiera W, et al. Characteristics of patients with brain metastases receiving trastuzumab for HER2 overexpressing metastatic breast cancer. Breast 2006; 15:219.
Eichler AF, Kuter I, Ryan P, et al. Survival in patients with brain metastases from breast cancer: the importance of HER-2 status. Cancer 2008; 112:2359.
Dawood S, Broglio K, Esteva FJ, et al. Survival among women with triple receptor-negative breast cancer and brain metastases. Ann Oncol 2009; 20:621.
Nam BH, Kim SY, Han HS, et al. Breast cancer subtypes and survival in patients with brain metastases. Breast Cancer Res 2008; 10:R20.
Le Scodan R, Massard C, Mouret-Fourme E, et al. Brain metastases from breast carcinoma : validation of the radiation therapy oncology group recursive partitioning analysis classification and proposition of a new prognostic score. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2007; 69:839.
Gaspar LE, Scott C, Murray K, Curran W. Validation of the RTOG recursive partitioning analysis (RPA) classifi cation for brain metastases. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2000; 47:1001.
Videtic GM, Adelstein DJ, Mekhail TM, et al. Validation of the RTOG recursive partitioning analysis (RPA) classifi cation for small-cell lung cancer-only brain metastases. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2007; 67:240.
Ruderman NB and Hall TC. Use of Glucocorticoids in the Palliative Treatment of Metastatic Brain Tumors. Cancer 1965; 18:298.
Schiff D. Pneumocystis pneumonia in brain tumor patients: risk factors and clinical features. J Neurooncol 1996; 27:235.
Glantz MJ, Cole BF, Forsyth PA, et al. Practice parameter: anticonvulsant prophylaxis in patients with newly diagnosed brain tumors. Report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology 2000; 54:1886.
Sawaya R, Zuccarello M, Elkalliny M, Nishiyama H. Postoperative venous thromboembolism and brain tumors: Part I. Clinical profi le. J Neurooncol 1992; 14:119.
Schiff D and DeAngelis LM. Therapy of venous thromboembolism in patients with brain metastases. Cancer 1994; 73:493.
Lin NU and Ramakrishna NR. Brain Metastases. In: Disease of the Breast, Harris, JR, Lippman, ME, Morrow, M and Osborne, CK (Eds), 2009, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia 2009. p.979.
Patchell RA, Tibbs PA, Walsh JW, et al. A randomized trial of surgery in the treatment of single metastases to the brain. N Engl J Med 1990; 322:494.
Noordijk EM, Vech, CJ, Haaxma-Reiche H, et al. The choice of treatment of single brain metastasis should be based on extracranial tumor activity and age. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1994; 29:711.
O'Neil, BP, Iturria NJ, Link MJ, et al. A comparison of surgical resection and stereotactic radiosurgery in the treatment of solitary brain metastases. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2003; 55:1169.
Andrews DW, Scott CB, Sperduto PW, et al. Whole brain radiation therapy with or without stereotactic radiosurgery boost for patients with one to three brain metastases: phase III results of the RTOG 9508 randomised trial. Lancet 2004; 363:1665.
Patchell RA, Tibbs PA, Regine WF, Dempsey RJ, et al. Postoperative radiotherapy in the treatment of single metastases to the brain: A randomized trial. JAMA 1998; 280:1485.
Mueller RP, Soffi etti R, Abacioglu MU, et al. Adjuvant whole-brain radiotherapy versus observation after radiosurgery or surgical resection of 1-3 cerebral metastases: results of the EORTC 22952-26001 study (abstract #2008). J Clin Oncol 2009; 27:2008.
(Available online at http://www.asco.org/ASCOv2/Meetings/Abstracts?&vmview=abst_detail_view&confID=65&abstractID=34351, accessed December 3, 2009).
Aoyama H, Shirato H, Tago M, et al. Stereotactic radiosurgery plus whole-brain radiation therapy vs stereotactic radiosurgery alone for treatment of brain metastases: a randomized controlled trial. Jama 2006; 295:2483.
Aoyama H, Tago M, Kato N, et al. Neurocognitive function of patients with brain metastasis who received either whole brain radiotherapy plus stereotactic radiosurgery or radiosurgery alone. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2007; 68:1388.
Li J, Bentzen SM, Renschler M, Mehta MP. Regression after whole-brain radiation therapy for brain metastases correlates with survival and improved neurocognitive function. J Clin Oncol 2007; 25:1260.
Chang EL, Wefel JS, Hess KR, et al. Neurocognition in patients with brain metastases treated with radiosurgery or radiosurgery plus whole-brain irradiation: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet Oncol 2009; 10:1037.
Bhatnagar AK, Flickinger JC, Kondziolka D and Lunsford LD. Stereotactic radiosurgery for four or more intracranial metastases. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2006; 64:898.
Cooper JS, Steinfeld AD and Lerch IA. Cerebral metastases: value of reirradiation in selected patients. Radiology 1990; 174:883.
Stewart DJ, Dahrouge S. Response of brain metastases from breast cancer to megestrol acetate: a case report. J Neurooncol 1995; 24:299.
Salvati M, Cervoni L, Innocenzi G and Bardella L. Prolonged stabilization of multiple and single brain metastases from breast cancer with tamoxifen. Report of three cases. Tumori 1993; 79:359.
Madhup R, Kirti S, Bhatt ML, et al. Letrozole for brain and scalp metastases from breast cancer--a case report. Breast 2006; 15:440.
Lin NU, Bellon JR, Winer EP, et al. CNS metastases in breast cancer. J Clin Oncol 2004; 22:3608.
Boogerd W, Dalesio O, Bais EM and van der Sande JJ. Response of brain metastases from breast cancer to systemic chemotherapy. Cancer 1992; 69:972.
Rosner D, Nemoto T and Lane WW. Chemotherapy induces regression of brain metastases in breast carcinoma. Cancer 1986; 58:832.
Friedman HS, Evans B and Reardon DA. Phase II trial of temozolomide for patients with progressive brain metastases (abstract #408). Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol 2003; 22:102.
Siena S, Landonio G and Beaietta E. Multicenter phase II study of temozolomide therapy for brain metastasis in patients with malignant melanoma, breast cancer, and non-small cell lung cancer (abstract #407). Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol 2003; 22:407.
Trudeau ME, Crump M, Charpentier D, et al. Temozolomide in metastatic breast cancer (MBC): a phase II trial of the National Cancer Institute of Canada - Clinical Trials Group (NCIC-CTG). Ann Oncol 2006; 17:952.
Rivera E, Meyers C, Groves M, et al. Phase I study of capecitabine in combination with temozolomide in the treatment of patients with brain metastases from breast carcinoma. Cancer 2006; 107:1348.
Franciosi V, Cocconi G, Michiara M, et al. Front-line chemotherapy with cisplatin and etoposide for patients with brain metastases from breast carcinoma, nonsmall cell lung carcinoma, or malignant melanoma: a prospective study. Cancer 1999; 85:1599.
Christodoulou C, Bafaloukos D, Linardou H, et al. Temozolomide (TMZ) combined with cisplatin (CDDP) in patients with brain metastases from solid tumors: a Hellenic Cooperative Oncology Group (HeCOG) Phase II study. J Neurooncol 2005; 71:61.
Lin NU, Carey LA, Liu MC, et al. Phase II trial of lapatinib for brain metastases in patients with human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-positive breast cancer. J Clin Oncol 2008; 26:1993.
Lin NU, Dieras V, Paul D, et al. Multicenter phase II study of lapatinib in patients with brain metastases from HER2-positive breast cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2009; 15:1452.
Geyer CE, Forster J, Lindquist D, et al. Lapatinib plus capecitabine for HER2-positive advanced breast cancer. N Engl J Med 2006; 355:2733.
Geyer CE, Martin A, Newstat B, et al. Lapatinib (L) plus capecitabine (C) in HER2+ advanced breast cancer (ABC): updated effi cacy and biomarker analysis (abstract #1035). J Clin Oncol 2007; 25:40s. (Available online at http://meeting.ascopubs.org/cgi/content/abstract/25/18_suppl/1035, accessed December 3, 2009).
Boccardo F, Kaufman B, Baselga ,J, et al. Evaluation of lapatinib (Lap) plus capecitabine (Cap) in patients with brain metastses (BM) from HER2+ breast cancer (BC) enrolled in the Lapatinib Expanded Access Program (LEAP) and French Authorisation Temporaire d'Utilisation (ATU) (abstract #1094). J Clin Oncol 2008; 26:1094.
Socinski MA, Langer CJ, Huang JE, et al. Safety of Bevacizumab in Patients With Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer and Brain Metastases. J Clin Oncol 2009; 27:5255.
Carboplatin and Bevacizumab for Progressive Breast Cancer Brain Metastases. Available online at http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01004172, accessed December 3, 2009.
Gonzalez J, Kumar AJ, Conrad CA, Levin VA. Effect of bevacizumab on radiation necrosis of the brain. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2007; 67:323.
Wong ET, Huberman M, Lu XQ and Mahadevan A. Bevacizumab reverses cerebral radiation necrosis. J Clin Oncol 2008; 26:5649.
National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) guidelines are available online at www.nccn.org.
Jaeckle KA, Phuphanich S, Bent MJ, et al. Intrathecal treatment of neoplastic meningitis due to breast cancer with a slow-release formulation of cytarabine. Br J Cancer 2001; 84:157.
Glantz MJ, Jaeckle KA, Chamberlain MC, et al. A randomized controlled trial comparing intrathecal sustained-release cytarabine (DepoCyt) to intrathecal methotrexate in patients with neoplastic meningitis from solid tumors. Clin Cancer Res 1999; 5:3394.
Lassman AB, Abrey LE, Shah GD, et al. Systemic high-dose intravenous methotrexate for central nervous system metastases. J Neurooncol 2006; 78:255.
Fisher R and DeAngelis LM. Leptomeningeal Metastasis. In: Diseases of the Breast, Harris, JR, Lippman, ME, Morrow, M and Osborne, CK (Eds), 2009, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia 2009. p.1001.
Omuro AM, Lallana EC, Bilsky MH and DeAngelis LM. Ventriculoperitoneal shunt in patients with leptomeningeal metastasis. Neurology 2005; 64:1625.
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2011-06-29
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กำเนิดศุภผล พ, หล่อวิทยา ว, ชิตาพนารักษ์ อ, ธราวิจิตรกุล เ, สุขถมยา ว. Brain Metastases in Breast Cancer. J Thai Assn of Radiat Oncol [Internet]. 2011 Jun. 29 [cited 2024 Nov. 15];17(1):49-64. Available from: https://he01.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/jtaro/article/view/203485
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