Sleep Quality among Post COVID Syndrome Patients

Main Article Content

Naruttha Norphun
Metta Lertkiatratchata
Malee Katekaew

Abstract

Objective: To study the quality of sleep in patients with COVID-19 after recovery.


Methods: A retrospective study was done in 480 patients who had recovered from COVID-19. Analyze previously collected data from earlier research, which consists of interviews and is accompanied by a questionnaire including general information, the Thai version of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (Thai HADS). Data were analyzed using descriptive analysis for general information. Logistic regression in both bivariative and multivariative analyses was applied to find the association between sleep quality and various factors.


Results: 36.5% of the participant had poor sleep quality. The overall average sleep quality score was 5.09. The average sleep duration per night was 6.8 hours, and the overall sleep efficiency was 89%. Sleep quality was significantly associated with the presence of psychiatric comorbidities and experiencing anxiety and depressive symptom, with a statistical significance level of 0.05.


Conclusion: Most patients who recovered from COVID-19 had good sleep quality. The presence of psychiatric comorbidities and experiencing anxiety and depressive symptom significantly affected sleep quality.

Article Details

How to Cite
Norphun, N., Lertkiatratchata, M., & Katekaew, M. (2025). Sleep Quality among Post COVID Syndrome Patients. Journal of the Psychiatric Association of Thailand, 70(1), 121–129. retrieved from https://he01.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/JPAT/article/view/274418
Section
Original Articles

References

Department of Disease Control. COVID-19 situation report [Internet]. Nonthaburi: Department of Disease Control; 2021 [cited 2021 Oct 18]. Available from: https://ddc.moph.go.th/covid19-dashboard.

Tantipasawasin P, Tantipasawasin S. The post-COVID condition (long COVID). CHJ 2022; 47(1): 67–84.

Almas T, Malik J, Alsubai AK, Jawad Zaidi SM, Iqbal R, Khan K, et al. Post-acute COVID-19 syndrome and its prolonged effects: an updated systematic review. Ann Med Surg 2022; 80: 103995.

Norphun N, Lertkiatratchata M, Katekaew M. Prevalence and associated factors of mental health problems among COVID-19 patients in 4 southern border provinces of Thailand. J Ment Health Thai 2023; 31(1): 12–21.

Jitpanya C, Maninet S, Saengkham P. Prevalence and predictors of fatigue among Thai women after COVID-19 infection. Iran J Nurs Midwifery Res 2024; 29(5): 563–7.

Phu DH, Maneerattanasak S, Shohaimi S, Trang LTT, Nam TT, Kuning M, et al. Prevalence and factors associated with long COVID and mental health status among recovered COVID-19 patients in southern Thailand. PLoS One 2023; 18(7): e0289382.

Jahrami HA, Alhaj OA, Humood AM, Alenezi AF, Fekih-Romdhane F, AlRasheed MM, et al. Sleep disturbances during the COVID-19 pandemic: a systematic review, meta-analysis, and meta-regression. Sleep Med Rev 2022; 62: 101591.

Taquet M, Geddes JR, Husain M, Luciano S, Harrison PJ. 6-month neurological and psychiatric outcomes in 236379 survivors of COVID-19: a retrospective cohort study using electronic health records. Lancet Psychiatry 2021; 8(5): 416–27.

Jennings G, Monaghan A, Xue F, Mockler D, Romero-Ortuño R. A systematic review of persistent symptoms and residual abnormal functioning following acute covid-19: ongoing symptomatic phase vs. post-covid-19 syndrome. J Clin Med 2021; 10(24): 5913.

Tański W, Tomasiewicz A, Jankowska-Polańska B. Sleep disturbances as a consequence of long COVID-19: insights from actigraphy and clinimetric examinations-an uncontrolled prospective observational pilot study. J Clin Med 2024;13(3):839.

Duong-Quy S, Tran V, Quan T, Nguyen VN, Budikayanti A, Tedjasukmana R, et al. Sleep disturbance in post COVID-19 conditions: prevalence and quality of life. Front Neurol 2023; 13: 1095606.

Linh TTD, Ho DKN, Nguyen NN, Hu CJ, Yang CH, Wu D. Global prevalence of post-COVID-19 sleep disturbances in adults at different follow-up time points: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sleep Med Rev 2023; 71: 101833.

Alkodaymi MS, Omrani OA, Fawzy NA, Shaar BA, Almamlouk R, Riaz M, et al. Prevalence of post-acute COVID-19 syndrome symptoms at different follow-up periods: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Microbiol Infect 2022; 28(5): 657–66.

Moy FM, Hairi NN, Lim ERJ, Bulgiba A. Long COVID and its associated factors among COVID survivors in the community from a middle-income country-an online cross-sectional study. PLoS One 2022; 17(8): e0273364.

Yamane T. Statisties: an introductory analysis. 3nd ed. New York: Harper & Row; 1973.

Department of Medical Services. Medical practice guideline, diagnosis, management and prevention of hospital-based COVID-19 infection [Internet]. Nonthaburi: Department of Medical Services; 2021 [cited 2021 Oct 18]. Available from: https://covid19.dms.go.th/Content/Select_Landding_page?contentId=85

Jirapramukpitak T, Tanchaiswad W. Sleep disturbances among nurses of Songklanagarind Hospital. J Psychiatr Assoc Thailand 1997;42(3):123–32.

Sitasuwan T, Bussaratid S, Ruttanaumpawan P, Chotinaiwattarakul W. Reliability and validity of the Thai version of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. J Med Assoc Thai 2014; 97 Suppl 3: S57-67.

Nilchaikovit T, Lortrakul M, Phisansuthidet U. Development of Thai version of Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale in cancer patients. J Psychiatr Assoc Thailand 1996;41(1):18–30.

Mazza MG, De Lorenzo R, Conte C, Poletti S, Vai B, Bollettini I, et al. Anxiety and depression in COVID-19 survivors: role of inflammatory and clinical predictors. Brain Behav Immun 2020; 89: 594–600.

Xu F, Wang X, Yang Y, Zhang K, Shi Y, Xia L, et al. Depression and insomnia in COVID-19 survivors: a cross-sectional survey from Chinese rehabilitation centers in Anhui province. Sleep Med 2022; 91: 161–5.

Chen P, Lam MI, Si TL, Zhang L, Balbuena L, Su Z, et al. The prevalence of poor sleep quality in the general population in China: a meta-analysis of epidemiological studies. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2024; 274(7): 1–14.

Franzen P, Buysse D. Sleep disturbances and depression: risk relationships for subsequent depression and therapeutic implications. Dialogues Clin Neurosci 2008; 10(4): 473–81.

Samushiya M, Kryzhanovsky S, Ragimova A, Berishvili T, Chorbinskaya S, Ivannikova E. Psychoemotional disorders and sleep impairments in patients with COVID-19. Neurosci Behav Physiol 2022; 52(2): 231–5.

Pedrozo-Pupo JC, Caballero-Domínguez CC, Campo-Arias A. Prevalence and variables associated with insomnia among COVID-19 survivors in Colombia. Acta Biomed 2022; 93(1): e2022019.

Putenis K, Strautmane S, Mičule M, Kočāne E, Karelis G. The impact of SARS-CoV-2 infection on sleep, daytime sleepiness, and depression-longitudinal cohort study. Medicina (Kaunas) 2024; 60(8): 1352.

van Dee V, Janssen EAM, Blom RM, Cahn W, van Mierlo HC, Mihaescu R, et al. Psychiatric symptoms and COVID-19: results of a national case register. Tijdschr Psychiatr 2022; 64(9): 558-65.

Flórez F, Javier N, Lapeyre-Rivera A, Gamonal B, Cabanillas-Lazo M, Velásquez-Rimachi V, et al. Prevalence and incidence of neuropsychiatric disorders in post hospitalized COVID-19 patients in South America: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Psychiatry 2023; 14: 1163989.

Narongsak T, Sanguanvichaikul T, Trisithivanij V. Sleep and sleep hygeine: review article. J Somdet Chaopraya Inst Psychiat 2020; 14(2): 69–85.

Giao H, Nguyen H, Vo YL, Le N, Thi Ngoc Han N. Assessment of insomnia and associated factors among patients who have recovered from COVID-19 in Vietnam. Patient Prefer Adherence 2022; 16: 1637–47.

Semyachkina-Glushkovskaya O, Mamedova A, Vinnik V, Klimova M, Saranceva E, Ageev V, et al. Brain mechanisms of COVID-19-sleep disorders. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22(13): 6917.

Butler M, Pollak TA, Rooney AG, Michael BD, Nicholson TR. Neuropsychiatric complications of covid-19. BMJ 2020; 371: m3871.

Vanaleesin S, Chanchong W, Kongsuwan V. Mental health promotion experiences based in Islamic principles among Thai muslim university students, who encounter with unrest situation. JPNMH 2015; 29(1): 44–56.

Facci L, Barbalho T, Souza R, Duarte A, Almondes K. The context of COVID-19 affected the long-term sleep quality of older adults more than SARS-CoV-2 infection. Front Psychiatry 2024; 15: 1305945.

Pires GN, Ishikura IA, Xavier SD, Petrella C, Piovezan RD, Xerfan EMS, et al. Sleep in older adults and its possible relations with COVID-19. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 13: 647875.

Percze AR, Nagy A, Polivka L, Barczi E, Czaller I, Kovats Z, et al. Fatigue, sleepiness and sleep quality are SARS-CoV-2 variant independent in patients with long COVID symptoms. Inflammopharmacology 2023; 31(6): 2819-25.

Nagy S, Pickett SM, Hedge M, Mesa J, Mechal R. The relationship between anxiety symptoms and sleep quality: mediating and moderating factors of pre-sleep arousal and anxiety sensitivity. Sleep 2020; 43: A64–5.

Bjorvatn B, Rortveit G, Rebnord I, Waage S, Emberland K, Forthun I. Self-reported short and long sleep duration, sleep debt and insomnia are associated with several types of infections: results from the Norwegian practice-based research network in general practice - PraksisNett. Sleep Med X 2023; 5: 100074.