Validity and Reliability of Cyber-Aggression Perpetration and Victimization Scale: Thai Version
Main Article Content
Abstract
Objectives : Cyberbullying involves bullying through online means and is associated with
psychiatric problems such as depression, anxiety, low self-esteem, suicidality, psychosomatic
symptoms, hyperactivity, absenteeism, substance use, etc. There currently exists no measure
for cyberbullying in Thai and we sought to validate one.
Methods : The questionnaire consists of 2 sections, 24 items in total. It was translated by
independent translator and its content was validated by a group of experts. Face validity was
performed with volunteers. Final version was validated in 295 middle-school students in
Bangkok for reliability and construct validity through exploratory factor analysis.
Results : Final item-objective congruence indices were between 0.8 and 1. Cronbach’s α were
0.850 and 0.856 for each section. Exploratory factor analysis extracted 4 factors. Redundant,
non-relevant, and non-acceptable-for-answer items were removed and 2 factors were extracted.
Conclusions : Being face-validated, content-validated, construct validated, and tested for
internal consistency, Cyber-aggression perpetration and victimization scale: Thai version is a
valid measure for cyberbullying in Thai context.
Article Details
Articles submitted for consideration must not have been previously published or accepted for publication in any other journal, and must not be under review by any other journal.
References
National Statistical Office. The 2016 Household Survey on the Use of Information and Communication Technology. [Internet]. [cited 2017 Jan 4]. Available from: http://service.nso. go.th/nso/nsopublish/themes/files/icthh56.pdf. Thai.
National Statistical Office. Summary of the 2013 Household Survey on the Use of Information and Communication Technology. [Internet]. [cited 2017 Jan 4]. Available from: http://service.nso.go.th/nso/nsopublish/ themes/files/icthh56.pdf. Thai.
Smith PK, del Barrio C, Tokunaga RS. Definitions of bullying and cyberbullying: How useful are the terms? In: Bauman S, Cross D, Walker J, editors. Principles of Cyberbullying Research: Definitions, Measures, and Methodology. Philadelphia: Routledge; 2012: 26-40.
US Legal, Inc. Cyber Bullying Law and Legal Definition. In: Legal Definitions [Internet]. [cited 2017 Apr 1]. Available from: https://definitions. uslegal.com/c/cyber-bullying/
Slonje R, Smith PK, Frisén A. The nature of cyberbullying, and strategies for prevention. Comput Hum Behav 2013; 29: 26-32.
Barlett CP. From theory to practice: Cyberbullying theory and its application to intervention. Comput Hum Behav 2017; 72: 269-75.
Rivers I, Smith PK. Types of bullying behaviour and their correlates. Aggress Behav 1994; 20: 359-68.
Modecki KL, Minchin J, Harbaugh AG, Guerra NG, Runions KC. Bullying prevalence across contexts: a meta-analysis measuring cyber and traditional bullying. J Adolesc Health 2014 Nov; 55: 602-11.
Ojanen TT, Boonmongkon P, Samakkeekarom R, Samoh N, Cholratana M, Guadamuz TE. Connections between online harassment and offline violence among youth in Central Thailand. Child Abuse Negl 2015; 44: 159-69.
Kwamkanung J, Kaewchinda M. Group Counseling with Stabilization Techniques to Enhance Coping Skills for Cyberbullied Youth. Journal of graduate studies Valaya Alongkorn Rajabhat University 2016; 10: 40-52. Thai.
Sittichai R. Information Technology Behavior Cyberbullying in Thailand: Incidence and Predictors of Victimization and Cyber- Victimization. Asian Social Science [Internet]. 2014 May 30 [cited 2019 Jan 2];10(11). Available from: http://www.ccsenet.org/ journal/index.php/ass/article/view/37495
Tural Hesapcioglu S, Ercan F. Traditional and cyberbullying co-occurrence and its relationship to psychiatric symptoms. Pediatr Int 2017; 59: 16-22.
Hawker DSJ, Boulton MJ. Twenty Years’ Research on Peer Victimization and Psychosocial Maladjustment: A Meta-analytic Review of Cross-sectional Studies. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2000; 41: 441-55.
Gini G, Pozzoli T. Association between bullying and psychosomatic problems: a meta-analysis. Pediatrics 2009; 123: 1059-65.
Bouffard LA, Koeppel MDH. Sex Differences in the Health Risk Behavior Outcomes of Childhood Bullying Victimization. Victims & Offenders 2017; 12: 549-65.
Esbensen F-A, Carson DC. Consequences of Being Bullied: Results From a Longitudinal Assessment of Bullying Victimization in a Multisite Sample of American Students. Youth & Society 2009 ; 41: 209-33.
Hamm MP, Newton AS, Chisholm A, Shulhan J, Milne A, Sundar P, et al. Prevalence and Effect of Cyberbullying on Children and Young People: A Scoping Review of Social Media Studies. JAMA Pediatr 2015; 169: 770-7.
van Geel M, Vedder P, Tanilon J. Relationship Between Peer Victimization, Cyberbullying, and Suicide in Children and Adolescents: A Meta-analysis. JAMA Pediatr 2014; 168: 435-42.
Sourander A, Brunstein Klomek A, Ikonen M, Lindroos J, Luntamo T, Koskelainen M, et al. Psychosocial Risk Factors Associated With Cyberbullying Among Adolescents: A Population-Based Study. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2010; 67: 720-8.
Grinshteyn E, Yang YT. The Association Between Electronic Bullying and School Absenteeism Among High School Students in the United States. J Sch Health 2017; 87: 142-9.
Amaraphibal, A. Cyber-bullying victimization among youths: Risk factor,mental health impacts and reporting to the third person. Research Methodology & Cognitive Science, Vol. 14, No. 1 January - June 2016. Thai.
Wachs S, Jiskrova GK, Vazsonyi AT, Wolf KD, Junger M. A cross-national study of direct and indirect effects of cyberbullying on cybergrooming victimization via self-esteem. Psicología Educativa 2016; 22: 61-70.
Tudkuea T. A Development of Cyber Bullying Behavioral Indicators for Youth in Songkhla Province (dissertation). Song Khla: Prince of Songklha University; 2013: 125Thai.
Topcu Ç, Erdur-Baker Ö. The Revised Cyber Bullying Inventory (RCBI): validity and reliability studies. Procedia Soc Behav Sci 2010; 5: 660-4.
Lam LT, Li Y. The validation of the E-Victimisation Scale (E-VS) and the E-Bullying Scale (E-BS) for adolescents. Comput Hum Behav 2013; 29: 3-7.
Doane AN, Kelley ML, Chiang ES, Padilla MA. Development of the Cyberbullying Experiences Survey. Emerg Adulthood 2013; 1: 207-18.
Gámez-Guadix M, Villa-George F, Calvete E. Psychometric properties of the Cyberbullying Questionnaire (CBQ) among Mexican adolescents. Violence Vict 2014; 29: 232-47.
Stewart RW, Drescher CF, Maack DJ, Ebesutani C, Young J. The Development and Psychometric Investigation of the Cyberbullying Scale. J Interpers Violence 2014 ; 29: 2218-38.
Garaigordobil M. Psychometric Properties of the Cyberbullying Test, a Screening Instrument to Measure Cybervictimization, Cyberaggression, and Cyberobservation. J Interpers Violence 2017; 32: 3556-76.
Willard NE. Appendix L: CyberbullyingNOT-Stopping Online Social Aggression. In: Cyberbullying and cyberthreats: responding to the challenge of online social aggression, threats, and distress. Champaign, Ill: Research Press; 2007: 281-4.
Schultze-Krumbholz A, Scheithauer H. Measuring Cyberbullying and Cybervictimisation by Using Behavioral Categories - The Berlin Cyberbullying Cybervictimisation Questionnaire (BCyQ). In: COST Workshop “Cyberbullying: Definition and Measurement Issues.” Vilnius; 2009.
Sumter SR, Valkenburg PM, Baumgartner SE, Peter J, van der Hof S. Development and validation of the Multidimensional Offline and Online Peer Victimization Scale. Comput Hum Behav 2015; 46: 114-22.
Lee J, Abell N, Holmes JL. Validation of Measures of Cyberbullying Perpetration and Victimization in Emerging Adulthood.Research on Social Work Practice [Internet]. 2015 Mar 31 [cited 2017 Jun 7]; Available from: http:// rsw.sagepub.com/cgi/doi/10.1177/10497315 15578535
Del Rey R, Casas JA, Ortega-Ruiz R, Schultze- Krumbholz A, Scheithauer H, Smith P, et al. Structural validation and cross-cultural robustness of the European Cyberbullying Intervention Project Questionnaire. Comput Hum Behav 2015; 50: 141-7.
Herrera-L?pez M, Casas JA, Romera EM, Ortega-Ruiz R, Del Rey R. Validation of the European Cyberbullying Intervention Project Questionnaire for Colombian Adolescents. Cyberpsychol Behav Soc Netw 2017; 20: 117- 25.
Shapka JD, Maghsoudi R. Examining the validity and reliability of the cyber-aggression and cyber-victimization scale. Comput Hum Behav 2017; 69: 10-7.
Singchangchai P. Principles and using multivariate statistics analysis for nursing research. Song Khla: Chan Meung Karn Pim; 2006. Thai.
Thompson B. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis: understanding concepts and applications. 1st ed. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association; 2004: 195.
Gorsuch RL. Factor analysis. 2nd ed. Hillsdale, N.J: L. Erlbaum Associates; 1983: 425.
Hongladarom K. Discourses on ethnic minorities in Thailand: a study of the relationship between form and meaning (dissertation). Bangkok: Chulalongkorn University; 2000. 100 p. Thai.
Wanaspong J. Racism in the presentation of LAOS in Thai newspapers (dissertation). Bangkok: Chulalongkorn University. 173 p. Thai.
Kanto J. Nationalism and racism in the Thai animated movies khan kluay I and II (dissertation). Chiang Mai: Chiang Mai University; 2014: 66. Thai.
Chinakarapong O. Conceptual Metaphor of Thai Curse Words. J Humanities Naresuan University 2014; 11: 57-76.
Na Pattalung, PS. [Petch Lanna Book 1]. Chiang Mai: Suriwong Karn Pim; 1963. Thai.
Ungpakorn GJ. Thailand is an extremely racist society. In: Uglytruth-Thailand [Internet]. [Cited 2018 Dec 1]. Available from: https:// uglytruththailand.wordpress.com/2014/09/13/ thailand-is-an-extremely-racist-society
Opakul M. [Origins of the word “Jek”]. In: Art & Culture Magazine [Internet]. [cited 2018 Dec 1]. Available from: https://www.silpa-mag.com/ club/art-and-culture/article_18158. Thai.