Immunothrombosis

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Conway EM. Thrombin: Coagulation’s master regulator of innate immunity. J Thromb Haemost. 2019;17:1785-9.

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Esmon CT. Molecular circuits in thrombosis and inflammation. Thromb Haemost. 2013;109:416-20.

Gaertner F, Massberg S. Blood coagulation in immunothrombosis - at the frontline of intravascular immunity. Semin Immunol. 2016;28:561-9.

Foley JH. Examining coagulation-complement crosstalk: complement activation and thrombosis. Thromb Res. 2016;141:S50-4.

Foley J H, Walton BL, Aleman MM, O’Byrne AM, Lei V, Harrasser M, et al. Complement activation in arterial and venous thrombosis is mediated by plasmin. E Bio Medicine. 2016;5:175-82.

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Krisinger MJ, Goebeler V, Lu Z, Meixner SC, Myles T, Pryzdial ELG, et al. Thrombin generates previously unidentified C5 products that support the terminal complement activation pathway. Blood. 2012;120:1717-25.

Nickel KF, Long AT, Fuchs TA, Butler LM, Renne T. Factor XII as a therapeutic target in thromboembolic and inflammatory diseases. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2017;37:13-20.

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Mitchell JL, Lionikiene AS, Georgiev G, Klemmer A, Brain C, Kim PY, et al. Polyphosphate colocalizes with factor XII on platelet-bound fibrin and augments its plasminogen activator activity. Blood. 2016;128:2834-45.

Gajsiewicz JM, Smith SA, Morrissey JH. Polyphosphate and RNA differentially modulate the contact pathway of blood clotting. J Biol Chem. 2017;292:1808-14.

Conway EM. Reincarnation of ancient links between coagulation and complement. J Thromb Haemost. 2015;13:S121-32.

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Verschoor A, Neuenhahn M, Navarini AA, Graef P, Plaumann A, Seidlmeier A, et al. A platelet-mediated system for shuttling blood-borne bacteria to CD8alpha+ dendritic cells depends on glycoprotein GPIb and complement C3. Nat Immunol. 2011;12:1194-201.

Hamad OA, Ekdahl KN, Nilsson PH, Andersson J, Magotti P, Lambris JD, et al. Complement activation triggered by chondroitin sulfate released by thrombin receptor-activated platelets. J Thromb Haemost. 2008;6:1413-21.

Hamad OA, Back J, Nilsson PH, Nilsson B, Ekdahl KN. Platelets, complement, and contact activation: partners in inflammation and thrombosis. Adv Exp Med Bio. 2012;946:185-205.

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Wiedmer T, Esmon CT, Sims PJ. Complement proteins C5b-9 stimulate procoagulant activity through platelet prothrombinase. Blood. 1986;68:875-80.

Hamilton KK, Hattori R, Esmon CT, Sims PJ. Complement proteins C5b-9 induce vesiculation of the endothelial plasma membrane and expose catalytic surface for assembly of the prothrombinase enzyme complex. J Bio Chem. 1990;265:3809-14.

Noris M, Remuzzi G. Atypical hemolytic-uremic syndrome. N Engl J Med. 2009;361:1676-87.

Hill A, Kelly RJ, Hillmen P. Thrombosis in paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria. Blood. 2013;121:4985-96.

Jokiranta TS. HUS and atypical HUS. Blood. 2017;129:2847-56.

Kozarcanin H, Lood C, Munthe-Fog L, Sandholm K, Hamad OA, Bengtsson AA, et al. The lectin complement pathway serine proteases (MASPs) represent a possible crossroad between the coagulation and complement systems in thromboinflammation. J Thromb Haemost. 2016;14:531-45.

Krarup A, Gulla KC, Gal P, Hajela K, Sim RB. The action of MBL-associated serine protease 1 (MASP1) on factor XIII and fibrinogen. Biochim Biophysic Acta. 2008;1784:1294-300.

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Jenny L, Dobo J, Gal P, Schroeder V. MASP-1 of the complement system promotes clotting via prothrombin activation. Mol Immunol. 2015;65:398-405.

Miyakis S, Lockshin MD, Atsumi T, Branch DW, Brey RL, Cervera R, et al. International consensus statement on an update of the classification criteria for definite antiphospholipid syndrome (APS). J Thromb Haemost. 2006;4:295-306.

Garcia D, Erkan D. Diagnosis and management of the antiphospholipid syndrome. N Engl J Med. 2018;378:2010-21.

Galli M, Borrelli G, Jacobsen EM, Marfisi RM, Finazzi G, Marchioli R, et al. Clinical significance of different antiphospholipid antibodies in the WAPS (warfarin in the antiphospholipid syndrome) study. Blood. 2007;110:1178-83.

McNeil HP, Simpson RJ, Chesterman CN, Krilis SA. Anti-phospholipid antibodies are directed against a complex antigen that includes a lipid-binding inhibitor of coagulation: beta 2-glycoprotein I (apolipoprotein H). Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1990;87:4120-4.

Arad A, Proulle V, Furie RA, Furie BC, Furie B. Beta(2)-Glycoprotein- 1 autoantibodies from patients with antiphospholipid syndrome are sufficient to potentiate arterial thrombus formation in a mouse model. Blood. 2011;117:3453-9.

Marciniak E, Romond EH. Impaired catalytic function of activated protein C: a new in vitro manifestation of lupus anticoagulant. Blood. 1989;74:2426-32.

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Bu C, Gao L, Xie W, Zhang J, He Y, Cai G, et al. Beta2-glycoprotein I is a cofactor for tissue plasminogen activator mediated plasminogen activation. Arthritis Rheum. 2009;60:559-68.

Zhang J, McCrae KR. Annexin A2 mediates endothelial cell activation by antiphospholipid/antibeta2 glycoprotein I antibodies. Blood. 2005;105:1964-9.

Shi T, Giannakopoulos B, Yan X, Yu P, Berndt MC, Andrews RK, et al. Anti-beta2-glycoprotein I antibodies in complex with beta2-glycoprotein I can activate platelets in a dysregulated manner via glycoprotein Ib-IX-V. Arthritis Rheum. 2006;54:2558-67.

Sorice M, Longo A, Capozzi A, Garofalo T, Misasi R, Alessandri C, et al. Anti-beta2-glycoprotein I antibodies induce monocyte release of tumor necrosis factor alpha and tissue factor by signal transduction pathways involving lipid rafts. Arthritis Rheum. 2007;56:2687-97.

Chaturvedi S, Alluri R, McCrae KR. Extracellular vesicles in the antiphospholipid syndrome. Semin Thromb Hemost. 2018;44:493- 504.

Rand JH, Wu XX, Guller S, Gil J, Guha A, Scher J, et al. Reduction of annexin-V (placental anticoagulant protein-I) on placental villi of women with antiphospholipid antibodies and recurrent spontaneous abortion. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1994;171:1566-72.

Pierangeli SS, Girardi G, Vega-Ostertag M, Liu X, Espinola RG, Salmon J. Requirement of activation of complement C3 and C5 for antiphospholipid antibody-mediated thrombophilia. Arthritis Rheum. 2005;52:2120-4.

Carrera-Marin A, Romay-Penabad Z, Papalardo E, Reyes-Maldonado E, Garcia-Latorre E, Vargas G, et al. C6 knock-out mice are protected from thrombophilia mediated by antiphospholipid antibodies. Lupus. 2012;21:1497-505.

Fischetti F, Durigutto P, Pellis V, Debeus A, Macor P, Bulla R, et al. Thrombus formation induced by antibodies to beta2-glycoprotein I is complement dependent and requires a priming factor. Blood. 2005;106:2340-6.

Agostinis C, Durigutto P, Sblattero D, Borghi MO, Grossi C, Guida F, et al. A non-complement-fixing antibody to beta2 glycoprotein I as a novel therapy for antiphospholipid syndrome. Blood. 2014;123:3478-87.

Girardi G, Berman J, Redecha P, Spruce L, Thurman JM, Kraus D, et al. Complement C5a receptors and neutrophils mediate fetal injury in the antiphospholipid syndrome. J Clin Invest. 2003;112:1644-54.

Girardi G, Redecha P, Salmon JE. Heparin prevents antiphospholipid antibody-induced fetal loss by inhibiting complement activation. Nat Med. 2004;10:1222-6.

Redecha P, Tilley R, Tencati M, Salmon JE, Kirchhofer D, Mackman N, et al. Tissue factor: a link between C5a and neutrophil activation in antiphospholipid antibody induced fetal injury. Blood. 2007;110:2423-31.

de Groot PG, Lutters B, Derksen RH, Lisman T, Meijers JC, Rosendaal FR. Lupus anticoagulants and the risk of a first episode of deep venous thrombosis. J Thromb Haemost. 2005;3:1993-7.

Galli M, Luciani D, Bertolini G, Barbui T. Lupus anticoagulants are stronger risk factors for thrombosis than anticardiolipin antibodies in the antiphospholipid syndrome: a systematic review of the literature. Blood. 2003;101:1827-32.

Pengo V, Ruffatti A, Legnani C, Testa S, Fierro T, Marongiu F, et al. Incidence of a first thromboembolic event in asymptomatic carriers of high-risk antiphospholipid antibody profile: a multicenter prospective study. Blood. 2011;118:4714-8.

Lee EY, Lee CK, Lee TH, Chung SM, Kim SH, Cho YS, et al. Does the anti-beta2-glycoprotein I antibody provide additional information in patients with thrombosis? Thromb Res. 2003;111:29-32.

Chaturvedi S, McCrae KR. Clinical risk assessment in the antiphospholipid syndrome: Current landscape and emerging biomarkers. Curr Rheumatol Rep. 2017;19:43.

Cervera R, Serrano R, Pons-Estel GJ, Ceberio-Hualde L, Shoenfeld Y, de Ramón E, et al. Morbidity and mortality in the antiphospholipid syndrome during a 10-year period: a multicentre prospective study of 1000 patients. Ann Rheum Dis. 2015;74:1011-8.

Legault K, Schunemann H, Hillis C, Yeung C, Akl EA, Carrier M, et al. McMaster RARE-Bestpractices clinical practice guideline on diagnosis and management of the catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome. J Thromb Haemost. 2018;16:1-9.

Meroni PL, Macor P, Durigutto P, Maso LD, Gerosa M, Ferraresso M, et al. Complement activation in antiphospholipid syndrome and its inhibition to prevent rethrombosis after arterial surgery. Blood. 2016;127:365-7.

Shapira I, Andrade D, Allen SL, Salmon JE. Brief report: induction of sustained remission in recurrent catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome via inhibition of terminal complement with eculizumab. Arthritis Rheum. 2012;64:2719-23.

Wig S, Chan M, Thachil J, Bruce I, Barnes T. A case of relapsing and refractory catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome successfully managed with eculizumab, a complement 5 inhibitor. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2016;55:382-4.

Zikos TA, Sokolove J, Ahuja N, Berube C. Eculizumab induces sustained remission in a patient with refractory primary catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome. J Clin Rheumatol. 2015;21:311-3.

Strakhan M, Hurtado-Sbordoni M, Galeas N, Bakirhan K, Alexis K, Elrafei T. 36-year-old female with catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome treated with eculizumab: a case report and review of

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Davis WD, Brey RL. Antiphospholipid antibodies and complement activation in patients with cerebral ischemia. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 1992;10:455-60.

Breen KA, Seed P, Parmar K, Moore GW, Stuart-Smith SE, Hunt BJ. Complement activation in patients with isolated antiphospholipid antibodies or primary antiphospholipid syndrome. Thromb Haemost. 2012;107:423-9.

Devreese KM, Hoylaerts MF. Is there an association between complement activation and antiphospholipid antibody-related thrombosis? Thromb Haemost. 2010;104:1279-81.

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Weiler H. Tracing the molecular pathogenesis of antiphospholipid syndrome. J Clin Invest. 2008;118:3276-8.

Redecha P, Franzke CW, Ruf W, Mackman N, Girardi G. Neutrophil activation by the tissue factor/Factor VIIa/PAR2 axis mediates fetal death in a mouse model of antiphospholipid syndrome. J Clin Invest. 2008;118,3453-61.

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Chaturvedi S, Braunstein EM, Yuan X, et al. Complement activity and complement regulatory gene mutations are associated with thrombosis in APS and CAPS. Blood 2020;135:239-51.

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Arachchillage DR, Mackie IJ, Efthymiou M, Chitolie A, Hunt BJ, Isenberg DA, et al. Rivaroxaban limits complement activation compared with warfarin in antiphospholipid syndrome patients with venous thromboembolism. J Thromb Haemost. 2016;14:2177- 86.

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