Lead and Cadmium Level in Eye Shadows from Khon Kaen Province and Vientiane Capital
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Abstract
Introduction: The purpose of this study was determination of lead and cadmium content in 90 eye shadows samples which were collected from local market at Khon Kaen province, Thailand (45 samples) and Vientiane Capital, Lao PDR (45 samples). These samples were categorized to three price ranges of sample (1-40, 40-80 and >80 Thai Baht). Materials and methods: Sample preparation for metals analysis was done by the wet digestion method. Eye shadows sample was added with 50 % v/v of nitric acid in PTFE vessel and heated with heat block apparatus for 2-3 h. The digestion was followed by cooling at room temperature for a while till the completed of the reaction. The supernatant was separated by using centrifuge apparatus at 6,000 rpm for 3 minutes. Atomic absorption spectrometry was measured the absorption value at 283.31 and 228.80 nm for determination of lead and cadmium, respectively. Results: The liner calibration curve was investigated using lead (Pb) or cadmium (Cd) standard solution which were contained lead or cadmium standard in rage of 0.25 –3.0 µg mL-1 and 0.05 – 3.0 µg mL-1, respectively. Over the above concentrations ranges, liner regression of the absorbance of metal (y) and concentration of metal (x) expressed the equation y = 0.0159x - 0.0006 (r2 = 0.9996, n=7) for lead and y = 0.2937x - 0.0172 (r2 = 0.9962, n = 7) for cadmium standard solution. It was found that the average lead level of each price group (1-40, 40-80 and >80 Thai Baht) were 3.35, 1.41, 0.92 and 4.92, 2.30, 1.06 µg g-1 for eye shadows samples from Khon Kaen and Vientiane Capital, respectively. The average of cadmium level of each price group (1-40, 40-80 and >80 Thai Baht) were shown to be 0.14, 0.11, 0.10 and 0.19, 0.14, 0.13 µg g-1 for eye shadows samples from Khon Kaen and Vientiane Capital, respectively. Conclusion: The studies were found that almost of eye shadows samples were contaminated with lead and cadmium. These were found that only two eye shadows sample from Khon Kaen, Thailand and Vientiane, Lao PDR, gave lead level (29.96 and 40.05 µg g-1) higher than the safety limited from the Announcement 2559 (2016) of the Ministry of Public Health, Thailand. The statistical analysis using One-Way ANOVA, the result shown not significant difference between price range of eye shadows and amount of lead or cadmium.
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