COVID-19 drug therapy
Keywords:
COVID-19, coronavirus, antiviral drugsAbstract
Abstract
The emerging Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the causative agent of the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). This disease spreads easily, resulting in large outbreaks in many countries around the world. Currently, no drugs are directly effective treatment or prevention methods. Nevertheless, many studies showed that certain antivirus drugs, other drugs and alternative herbal medicines have ability to inhibit or interfere with SARS-CoV-2 infection. The repurposed antiviral drugs are readily used by patients with COVID-19, as new indications for SARS-CoV-2 infection. This article describes the role of antiviral drugs and herbs, such as finger root and turmeric, the mechanism of the action, and dose and treatment guidelines for COVID-19, according to their symptoms.
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13. Kadam RU, Wilson IA. Structural basis of influenza virus fusion inhibition by the antiviral drug Arbidol. Proc Natl Acad Sci 2017;114:206-14.
14. Khamitov R, Loginova S, Shchukina V, et al. Antiviral activity of Arbidol and its derivatives against the pathogen of severe acute respiratory syndrome in the cell cultures. Vopr Virusol 2008;53:9-13.
15. Wang Z, Yang B, Li Q, et al. Clinical features of 69 cases with coronavirus disease 2019 in Wuhan, China. Clin Infect Dis 2020;71: 769-77.
16. Nojomi M, Yassin Z, Keyvani H, et al. Effect of Arbidol (Umifenovir) on COVID-19: a randomized controlled trial. BMC Infect Dis 2020;20:1-10.
17. Uno Y. Camostat mesilate therapy for COVID-19. Intern Emerg Med 2020;15:1577-8.
18. Kawase M, Shirato K, van der Hoek L, et al. Simultaneous treatment of human bronchial epithelial cells with serine and cysteine protease inhibitors prevents severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus entry. J Virol 2012;86:6537-45.
19. Bose CK, Basu M. Camostat in COVID-19. Biochim Biophys Acta 2020;484:417-22.
20. Chu C, Cheng V, Hung I, et al. Role of lopinavir/ritonavir in the treatment of SARS: Initial virological and clinical findings. Thorax 2004;59:252-6.
21. Liu Y, Liang C, Xin L, et al. The development of Coronavirus 3C-Like protease (3CLpro) inhibitors from 2010 to 2020. Eur J Med Chem 2020:112711.
22. ter Heine R, Van Waterschoot RA, Keizer RJ, et al. An integrated pharmacokinetic model for the influence of CYP3A4 expression on the in vivo disposition of
lopinavir and its modulation by ritonavir. J Pharm Sci 2011;100:2508-15.
23. Choy K-T, Wong AY-L, Kaewpreedee P, et al. Remdesivir, lopinavir, emetine, and homoharringtonine inhibit SARS-CoV-2 replication in vitro. Antivir Res 2020;178:104786.
24. Cao B, Wang Y, Wen D, et al. A trial of lopinavir–ritonavir in adults hospitalized with severe Covid-19. N Engl J Med 2020;382:1787-99.
25. Horby PW, Mafham M, Bell JL, et al. Lopinavir–ritonavir in patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19 (RECOVERY): a randomised, controlled, open-label, platform trial. Lancet 2020;396:1345-52.
26. Nicastri E, Petrosillo N, Bartoli TA, et al. National institute for the infectious diseases “L. Spallanzani”, IRCCS. Recommendations for COVID-19 clinical management. Infect Dis Rep 2020;12:3-9.
27. Harrison C. Coronavirus puts drug repurposing on the fast track. Nat Biotechnol 2020;38:379-81.
28. Clinical practice and treatment guideline for Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) (last update 2 November 2021).
Department of medical services, Ministry of public health. Available at https:// covid19.dms.go.th/backend/Content/Content File/Covid_Health/Attach/ 25641103093725AM_update-CPG_COVID_v19.5_n_ 02211102.pdf.
29. Kongsaengdao S. Development antiviral drugs in the treatment of COVID-19. J Dept Med Ser 2020;45:5-8. Available at https:// he02.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/JDMS/ article/view/244735.
30. Chen J, Xia L, Liu L, et al., editors. Antiviral activity and safety of darunavir/cobicistatfor the treatment of COVID-19 Open Forum Infect Dis 2020;7:ofaa241.
31. Ko W-C, Rolain J-M, Lee N-Y, et al. Arguments in favour of remdesivir for treating SARS-CoV-2 infections. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2020;55:105933.
32. Al-Tawfiq JA, Al-Homoud AH, Memish ZA. Remdesivir as a possible therapeutic option for the COVID-19. Travel Med Infect Dis 2020;34:101615.
33. Gordon CJ, Tchesnokov EP, Feng JY, et al. The antiviral compound remdesivir potently inhibits RNA-dependent RNA polymerase from Middle East respiratory
syndrome coronavirus. J Biol Chem 2020;295:4773-9.
34. Holshue ML, DeBolt C, Lindquist S, et al. First case of 2019 novel coronavirus in the United States. N Engl J Med 2020;382:929-36.
35. Amirian ES, Levy JK. Current knowledge about the antivirals remdesivir (GS-5734) and GS-441524 as therapeutic options for coronaviruses. One Health 2020;9:100128.
36. Frediansyah A, Tiwari R, Sharun K, et al Antivirals for COVID-19: A critical review. Clin Epidemiol Glob Health 2021;9:90-8.
37. Grein J, Ohmagari N, Shin D, et al. Compassionate use of remdesivir for patients with severe Covid-19. N Engl J Med 2020;382:2327-36.
38. Sidwell RW, Huffman JH, GP Khare L, et al. Broad-spectrum antiviral activity of virazole: 1-f8-D-ribofuranosyl-1, 2,
4-triazole-3-carboxamide. Science 1972;177:705-6.
39. McHutchison JG, Gordon SC, Schiff ER, et al. Interferon alfa-2b alone or in combination with ribavirin as initial treatment for chronic hepatitis C. N Eng J Med 1998;339:1485-92.
40. Randolph AG, Wang EE. Ribavirin for respiratory syncytial virus infection of the lower respiratory tract in infants and
young children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2010; 5. https://doi.org/10.1002/ 14651858.CD000181.pub3. Accessed 13 May 2021.
41. Wang M, Cao R, Zhang L, et al. Remdesivir and chloroquine effectively inhibit the recently emerged novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in vitro. Cell Res 2020;30:
269-71.
42. Te HS, Randall G, Jensen DM. Mechanism of action of ribavirin in the treatment of chronic hepatitis C. Gastroenterol Hepatol 2007;3:218.
43. Stockman LJ, Bellamy R, Garner P. SARS:systematic review of treatment effects.PLoS Med 2006;3:e343.
44. Tong S, Su Y, Yu Y, et al. Ribavirin therapy for severe COVID-19: A retrospective cohort study. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2020;56:106114.
45. Dong L, Hu S, Gao J. Discovering drugs to treat coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).Drug Discov Ther 2020;14:58-60.
46. Altinbas S, Holmes JA, Altinbas A. Hepatitis C Virus infection in pregnancy: An update. Gastroenterol Nurs 2020;43:12-21.
47. Oestereich L, Rieger T, Neumann M, et al. Evaluation of antiviral efficacy of ribavirin, arbidol, and T-705 (favipiravir) in a mouse model for Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic
fever. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2014;8:e2804.
48. Oestereich L, Lüdtke A, Wurr S, et al. Successful treatment of advanced Ebola virus infection with T-705 (favipiravir) in a small animal model. Antivir Res 2014;105: 17-21.
49. Shiraki K, Daikoku T. Favipiravir, an antiinfluenza drug against life-threatening RNA virus infections. Pharmacol Ther 2020;209: 107512.
50. Nature. Calling all coronavirus researchers: Keep sharing, stay open. Nature 2020;578:7.
51. Cai Q, Yang M, Liu D, et al. Experimental treatment with favipiravir for COVID-19: an open-label control study. J Eng 2020;6: 1192-8.
52. Li G, De Clercq E. Therapeutic options for the 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV). Nat Rev Drug Discov 2020;19:149-50.
53. Hayden FG, Shindo N. Influenza virus polymerase inhibitors in clinical development. Curr Opin Infect Dis 2019;32:176.
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Rayasilp K, Samatiwat P. COVID-19 drug therapy. J Med Health Sci [Internet]. 2021 Dec. 30 [cited 2024 Apr. 26];28(3):175-94. Available from: https://he01.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/jmhs/article/view/254038
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